APA in-text CITATION 6

EDITION

TH

What is in-text citation

In-text parenthetical citations are used
to give credit to the authors whose
ideas or thoughts are used within the
document.
These internal citations allow the
reader to identify the source and
locate the information being
addressed.

3 types of citation
Word-for-word quotations
Paraphrased content - in your own
words
Summarized content - in your own
words

For all research, the two most

important things to include in
every citation are:
Author(s)' last name(s). For
example: (Johnson, Harris, Smith,
Brown).
Date of publication. For example:
(2008).

If you are quoting material

directly, then you must have a
third item in the citation:
Page number. For example: (p. 132).
If there is no page number, then use
a paragraph number. For example:
(para. 9).

 Citing Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors:

a. Research by Wegener and Petty

(1994) supports...
b. (Wegener & Petty, 1994)

 A Work by Three to Five Authors:

a. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow,

1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first
author's last name followed by "et al." in the
signal phrase or in parentheses.

b. (Kernis et al., 1993)

In et al., et should not be followed by a
period.

Six or More Authors: Use the first

author's name followed by et al. in the
signal phrase or in parentheses.
a. Harris et al. (2001) argued...
b. (Harris et al., 2001)

Organization as an Author:
a. According to the American
Psychological Association (2000),...
b. First citation: (Mothers Against
Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) use
brackets for the abbrev.
c. Second citation: (MADD, 2000) if
the organization has a well-known
abbreviation

Two or More Works in the Same

Parentheses:
a. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
Authors With the Same Last
Name: To prevent confusion, use first
initials with the last names.
b. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same

Author in the Same Year: If you have
two sources by the same author in the same
year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the
year to order the entries in the reference list.
Use the lower-case letters with the year in
the in-text citation.

a. Research by Berndt (1981a)

illustrated that...

Citing Indirect Sources: If no author

or date is given, use the title in your signal
phrase or the first word or two of the title in
the parentheses and use the abbreviation
"n.d." (for "no date").

a. Johnson argued that...(as cited in

Smith, 2003, p. 102).

 Unknown Author: Cite the source

by its title in the signal phrase or use
the first word or two in the
parentheses. Titles of books and
reports are italicized or underlined;
titles of articles, chapters, and
web pages are in quotation
marks.
A similar study was done of students
learning to format research papers

Order of citation:
Always list author last name and then the date of
publication. Use a comma to separate them, like this:
(Johnson, 2004).
There are two ways of including information about
your source:
1. Directly in the sentence.
The author (year of publication) said that he believes...
Norm Johnson (1999) said that he believes...OR
Smith (2004) stated...with quotation:
Norm Johnson (1999) said, "I believe that adults should
go back to school" (p. 132).

2. At the end of a sentence with

information enclosed in parentheses and
followed by a period.
Research shows that...SUMMARY (Author
last name only, year).
Research shows thatPARAPHRASE (Smith,
2005).
According to research, Quote (Smith,
2005, p. 26).

Rules to remember:
Quotation marks always have a
beginning and end. Quotation marks
occur BEFORE the citation.
Periods are always AFTER the citation
(p. 132).
because the parentheses serve as part
of the sentence to indicate research.

 Exceptions to the rules:

In absence of a date, write n.d. for no date, like
this: (Smith, n.d.).
In absence of an author, show the title of the
article (Psychology for Children, 2004). The
only time Anonymous should be listed is IF it is in
the byline (article says "By Anonymous").
Otherwise please use the title and the date.
Are you quoting and have no page number? Show
the paragraph number, like this: (Smith, 2004,
para. 3)

EXERCISES
DIRECTION: Write an in-text citation
from the given details.

1.
Style: Direct quotation, author included in the
paragraph
Author: Jones
Year: 1998
Idea: Students often had difficulty using APA
style, especially when it was their first time
Page: 199

2.
Style: Paraphrased, authors not
included in the paragraph, 2nd citation
Author: Jones, Klein, Margaux,
Osborne, Slyndt
Year: 1998
Idea: Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it
was their first time
Page: 199

3.
Style: Paraphrased, authors included in the
paragraph,
Author: Allen Miller and Diane Wegner
Year: 2014
Source: secondary source cited by Amy White
Idea: Drivers using cellphones were up to four
times more likely to have accidents than
those not using these devices
Page: 45

4.
Style: Direct Quotation, author
included in the paragraph,
Author: G. Coleman
Year: 1988
Idea: That elephants fear cheese was
an accidental discovery made by the
noted elephantologist G. Coleman.
Paragraph: 8

5.
Style: Paraphrased, authors not included in
the paragraph
Author: Randy Sonoma and Anabelle Wright
Publication date: no date
Quote: The incidence of high suicide rates
is partly due to a lack of sufficient
intervention programs.
Page number: 13

ANSWERS
1. According to Jones (1998), "Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially
when it was their first time" (p. 199).
2. APA style is a difficult citation format for
first-time learners (Jones et al., 1998, p.
199).
or
APA style is a difficult citation format for
firsttime learners (Jones et al., 1998).

3. Miller and Wegner found that drivers

using cell phones were up to four
times more likely to have accidents
than those not using these devices (as
cited in White, 2014, p. 45).

4. Coleman (1988) said, I accidentally

discovered that elephants fear cheese
(para.8).

5. A study stated that the incidence of

high suicide rates is partly due to a
lack of sufficient intervention programs
(Sonoma & Wright,n.d., p.13).