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Basics of Surveying
What is surveying?
Surveying is the art and science of
measuring angles, distances and
positions (northing, easting and
elevation), on or near the surface of
the earth.
Classes of Surveys
Preliminary survey
Layout survey
Control survey
Surveying Fields
Topographic surveys
Hydrographic surveys
Route surveys
Property surveys
Aerial surveys
Construction surveys
Final (as-built) surveys
GPS Receiver
Surveying References
Geographic reference
Grid reference
Legal reference
Vertical reference
Geographical Coordinates
Units of Measurement
Distance Measurements
Errors
Stationing
Pacing
Scaling
Odometer
EDM (electronic distance measurement)
Stadia
Subtense bar
Fiberglass tapes
Steel tapes
Graduated through-out
Cut tape
Add tape
Hand Level