ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

What is Intelligence?
To know
one's capacity for logic,
abstract thought,
understanding,
self-awareness,
communication,
learning,
emotional knowledge,
memory,
planning,
creativity
and
problem solving.

AI

As the ability to perceive and/or

retain knowledge or information and
Apply it to itself or other instances of
knowledge or information creating
referable understanding

AI

From "Mainstream Science on Intelligence " (1994), an editorial statement by

fifty-two researchers:

A very general mental capability that, among

other things, involves the ability to reason,
plan, solve problems, think abstractly,
comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly
and learn from experience. It is not merely
book learning, a narrow academic skill, or
test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a
broader
and
deeper
capability
for
comprehending our surroundings"catching
on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring
out" what to do .

AI

From "Intelligence: Knowns

and Unknowns" (1995), a report
published by the Board of Scientific
Affairs of the
American Psychological Association:
Concepts
of
"intelligence"
are
attempts to clarify and organize this
complex set of phenomena.

AI
-

Most

widely

accepted

one

An is the science of making

machines (computers) do things
that would requiring intelligence
if
done
by
men
by MINSKY (1968)

AI
AI
generally
includes
- Getting computers to communicate with
us human language like English (Natural
language
processing)

-Getting
computers
to
remember
complicated interrelated facts and draw
conclusions
from
them
(Inference)
- Getting computers to plan sequence of
action to accomplish goals. (Planning)

AI

-Getting computers to offer us

advice based on complicated
rules for various situations.
(Expert
system)
-Getting
computers
to
look
through cameras and see what is
there
in.
(Vision)
-Getting computers
them
selves
and

to move
objectives

AI

Not only humans,

animals and plants show intelligence

AI
Types of Intelligence
1. Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart)
2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
(Number/Reasoning Smart)
3. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart)
4. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart)
5. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)
6. Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart)
7. Musical Intelligence (Musical Smart)
8. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body
Smart)
9. Existential Intelligence

What is ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

The ability of a computer or

other machine to perform
those activities that are
normally thought to require
intelligence.

What is ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

The
branch
of
computer
science concerned with the
development of machines
having this ability.

What is ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

AI, is the field that studies

the synthesis and analysis
of computational agents
that act intelligently.

What is ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

An agent is something that acts in
an environment - it does something.
Agents may include thermostats,
airplanes, robots, humans etc.
An agent is judged by its actions.
What an agent does;
How it acts.

What is ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

An agent acts intelligently when
what it does is appropriate for its
circumstances and its goals,
it
is
flexible
to
changing
environments and changing goals,
it learns from experience, and
it makes appropriate choices
given
its
perceptual
and
computational limitations.

HISTORY
Evidence of AI can be traced back to ancient
Egypt
But it was in 1941, that the technology finally
became
available
to
create
machine
intelligence.
The term artificial intelligence was first coined
in 1956, at the Dartmouth conference.
Though advancement in the fields of AI have
been slower than first estimated, progress
continues to be made.
In its 7 decades of history, there have been a
variety of AI programs, and they have
impacted other technological advancements
and also human life.

Norbert Wiener

The Beginning
Although the necessary technology for AI was
provided by computer
it was only in 1950's that the link between human
intelligence and machines was really observed.
Norbert Wiener was the first
to make
observations on the principle of feedback theory.
Wiener theorized that all intelligent behavior was
the result of feedback mechanisms. Mechanisms
that could possibly be simulated by machines.
This discovery influenced much of early
development of AI.

Alan Turing

Alan Turing
In 1950 Alan Turing published a landmark paper in
which he speculated about the possibility of creating
machines with true intelligence.
He noted that "intelligence" is difficult to define and
devised his famous Turing Test.
This simplified version of the problem allowed Turing
to argue convincingly that a "thinking machine" was
at least plausible and the paper answered all the most
common objections to the proposition.
The Turing Test was the first serious proposal in the
philosophy of artificial intelligence.

The Two Games

In 1951, using the Ferranti Mark I
machine of the University of Manchester,
Christopher Strachey wrote a checkers
program and Dietrich Prinz wrote one for
chess.
Arthur
Samuel's
checkers
program, developed in the middle 50s
and early 60s, eventually achieved
sufficient skill to challenge a world
champion. Game AI would continue to be
used as a measure of progress in AI
throughout its history.

Allen Newell & Herbert Simon

Allen Newell & Herbert Simon

1955, Newell and Simon developed The

Logic Theorist, considered to be the
first AI program.

The impact that the logic theorist made

on both the public and the field of AI
has made it a crucial stepping stone in
developing the AI field.

John McCarthy

John McCarthy
1956 John McCarthy considered
as the father of AI, organized a
conference to draw the talent
and expertise of others
interested in machine
intelligence for a month of
brainstorming.

John McCarthy
He invited them to Vermont for
"The
Dartmouth
summer
research project on artificial
intelligence." From that point on,
because of McCarthy, the field
would be known as Artificial
intelligence. Although not a huge
success,
the
Dartmouth
conference did bring together
the founders in AI, and served to
lay the groundwork for the

John McCarthy
In 1958 McCarthy announced his
new
development;
the
LISP
language,

AI came out of LAB

Computer technology could not
remain part of a select few
researchers in laboratories.
The PC made its debut.
American Association for Artificial
Intelligence also started.
Demand
for
AI
development
increased, a push for researchers
to join private companies.

AI came out of LAB

In 1980's other fields of AI such as
machine vision also made there way into
the marketplace during the.
The work by Minsky and Marr were now the
foundation for the cameras and computers
on assembly lines, performing quality
control. Although crude, these systems
could distinguish differences shapes in
objects using black and white differences.
By 1985 over a hundred companies offered
machine vision systems in the US, and
sales totaled $80 million.

Knowledge Based Systems

1969: DENDRAL by Buchman
(An Expert System to study
hypothesis
formation
and
discoveries in science)

Knowledge Based Systems

1976: MYCIN: by Shortfile
(An expert system to identify
bacteria causing severe infection
and to recommend antibiotic
dosage adjusted for patients
body weight)

Knowledge Based Systems

1979: PROSPECTOR by Duda et. al.
(A computer based consultation
program for mineral exploration)

1980's were not totally good for the AI industry

In 1986-87 the demand in AI systems

decreased, and the industry lost almost
a half of a billion dollars.
The "smart truck project financed by
the
Defense
Advanced
Research
Projects Agency. The projects goal was
to develop a robot that could perform
many battlefield tasks.
In 1989, due to project setbacks and
unlikely success, the Pentagon cut
funding for the project.

AI
But,
AI
slowly
recovered.
New
technology
in
Japan
was
being
developed.
Fuzzy logic, and neural networks were
being reconsidered as possible ways
of achieving Artificial Intelligence.
The 1980's introduced to its place in
the
corporate
marketplace,
and
showed the technology had real life
uses, ensuring it would be a key in
the 21st century.

AI

AI-based technologies were used

in missile
systems, heads-updisplays, and other advancements.

AI has also made the transition to

the home.
With the popularity of the AI
computer growing, the interest of
the public has also grown.

AI
Applications for the Apple Macintosh
and IBM compatible computer, such as
voice and character recognition have
become available.
Also AI technology has made steadying
camcorders simple using fuzzy logic.
With a greater demand for AI-related
technology, new advancements are
becoming available.
Inevitably Artificial Intelligence has,
and will continue to affecting our lives.

Where is AI now?

MOVIES
In todays generation, Hollywood
movies are mostly about
androids, humanoids, and
robots.
Machines going out of control
Replacing humanity
World domination

Where is AI now?

ROBOTICS
Robotics continue to evolve from
manufacturing,
medicine
and
remote
exploration
to
entertainment,
security
and
personal assistance.
Robots may be one of the most
well known examples of Artificial
Intelligence.
Japan has announced that they
will send the first humanoid

ASIMO

ASIMO
Goal of ASIMO project is to
create a truly useable humanoid
robot that can co-exist with
humans.
Benefits in home, environment
and situations where people
need assistance and support.
More than one ASIMO can work
together

ASIMO

Created by Honda in 2000

Worlds most advanced robot
Can function independently
Walks 1.7 mph, runs 3.7 mph & can
carry 2.2 pounds
Recognizes

Moving objects
Posture and gestures
Environment
Sounds
Faces

ASIMO
Height of ASIMO is 130 cm and it
makes it people friendly

Robotics and war

Earlier many countries had only
a hand full of robotic planes, but
now they have Thousands of
unmanned machines.
Robots are emotionless and
never tiring and so they are ideal
for battlefield.

Robotics and war

Scientists
are
working
on
creating war robots with ethics
Ethical governor, a package of
software and hardware that tells
robots when and where to fire is
being worked out.
Robots in future may actually be
able to respond better than
human soldiers.

Robotics and war

Where is AI now?
VIDEO GAMES

In 2001 the game Halo

featured A.I. that could
use vehicles and team
tactics. The AI could
recognize threats such
as
grenades
and
incoming vehicles.

Where is AI now?
VIDEO GAMES

In 2008 the Game Left 4 Dead

featured a new type of AI in
gaming called The Director.
Instead of having a difficulty
level which just ramps up to a
constant level, the A.I. analyze
how the players fared in the
game so far, and try to add
subsequent events that would
give them a sense of narrative

Where is AI now?
Honda has created a helmet-like
device that can read human
brain waves and transmit them
to humanoid robot. A person can
make the robot perform simple
tasks, including moving Its arm.
Prototypes of a car with sensors
and small motors to navigate a
traffic-laden city street with no
driver have been created.

Where is AI now?
While autonomous robots in
military uses dominate ,
business opportunities for smart
robots are also sizable.
Japans research into intelligent
robotics has been oriented
toward helping the nations
rapidly aging population perform
domestic tasks.

Future
Is Science fiction becoming
a reality?
New war machines are
changing the very nature of
human conflict
More robots on battlefield
instead of people
U.S. is currently ahead in
military robotics, however,
other countries are also
working on robotic
Lorena Patio
advancements.

Future
Undoubtedly,
the
future
of
robots will dramatically change
human existence, the question is
how will humans respond to such
changes. Will the affects be
positive or negative?
Will robots take the jobs of
humans?
Will there be a time where
humans will have to learn to co-

Future
The cut off point to robot rights?
Would there be certain guidelines
that a robot has to have rights?
Robots abilities: A super human and
eventually endanger humans?
Since they are made to be human
like, and have feelings, will they have
equal rights?

Future
Is it right to be biologically
connected to controlling another
form of existence?
If they are like humans are they
trustworthy?
What is the point of having
Surrogates?

http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=UGwQ74cH5O0

Rebecca Gomez

AI

Soft Computing Approaches

Neural Networks / ANN
Fuzzy Systems
Evolutionary Computing
Swarm Intelligence
Chaos Theory
Perception
and many more

THANK YOU