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Introduction
Synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters
Chemical Synapse
Postsynaptic potential
Objectives
Determine the effect of stimulus intensity
the frequency of action potentials
Determine the effect of myelination and
axon diameter to the conduction velocity
of action potentials
Determine the role of calcium ions in the
release of neurotransmitters
Determine response of the functional
areas of neurons on varying stimuli
Methodology
Nerve Chamber where the axon is nerve is
placed
Oscilloscope - observe timing of stimuli and
voltage changes in the axon
Stimulator - sets the stimulus voltage and to
deliver pulses that depolarize the axon
Recording electrodes - records voltage
changes in the axon
Microelectrodes
Hook electrodes
Methodology
A 20 mV pulse
was delivered
to the axon for
0.5 msec
A 20 mV pulse
was delivered
to the axon for
500 msec
Activity6
A 30 mV pulse
was delivered
to the axon for
500 msec
A 45 mV pulse
was delivered
to the axon for
500 msec
(sec
)
Activity 7
B fiber
Mediumdiameter
Lightly
myelinated
Visceral
sensory fiber
C fiber
Thin
Umyelinated
Olfactory
sensory
neuron
Free nerve
ending
Methodology
TJ- di ko kasi mhanap yung katulad sayo na format ikaw na bhala
ditey..thanksand yung mga figures tlgang nilakihan ko sya .para
pagprinesent Malaki
Fiber was
clicked to
put the
axon in
the nerve
chamber
Stimulus
duration
was set to
0.5
millisecon
d for all
fibers
Voltage
display
was set to
30 mV for
all fibers
by clicking
the +
button
beside the
voltage
display
Single
Stimulus
was
clicked
Data were
recorded
Based
from the
data,
conductio
n Velocity
was
calculated
.
Methodology
Neuron was
immersed in
control Ca2+
extracellular
solution
Neuron was
immersed in
extracellular
solution
without Ca2+
Activity8
Neuron was
immersed in
low Ca2+
extracellular
solution
Neuron was
immersed in
control Mg2+
extracellular
solution
Methodology
A very weak
stimulation was
delivered to the
receiving end of
the sensory
receptor
Activity9
A moderate
stimulation was
delivered to the
receiving end of
the sensory
receptor
A strong
stimulation was
delivered to the
receiving end of
the sensory
receptor
20 mV
0.5 msec
Activity6
Activity6
20 mV
500 msec
Activity6
30 mV
500 msec
Activity6
45 mV
500 msec
Activity6
Action potential frequency
1/ISI(sec)
Effect of increased stimulus intensity
on the frequency of action potentials:
increase
Activity 7
A fiber
Oscilloscope timescale at 1 msec per
division
Activity 7
B fiber
Oscilloscope timescale at 10 msec
per division
Activity 7
C fiber
Oscilloscope timescale at 50 msec
per division
Activity 7
Summary of Results:
Stimulus
Intensit
y
Low
Intensit
y
High
Intensit
y
Number of
synaptic vesicles
exocytosed in
Control Ca2+
Number of
synaptic vesicles
exocytosed in No
Ca2+
Number of
synaptic vesicles
exocytosed in
Low Ca2+
Number of
synaptic vesicles
exocytosed in
Mg2+
Discussion
Calcium (Ca2+)is a vital element in
the process of neurotransmitter
release from the axon terminal
The exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is
calcium dependent
Magnesium (Mg2+) competes with
the calcium ions in attaching to the
voltage-gated calcium channel
Activity9
Activity 9
Activity 9
Weak stimulus
Small depolarizing response at R1
Activity 9
Moderate stimulus
Large depolarizing response at R1
Activity 9
Strong stimulus
Large depolarizing response at R1 and R3
Conclusions
An increase in the stimulus intensity also increases the
action potential frequency.
A fiber has the greatest conduction velocity while C fiber
has the slowest conduction velocity.
The exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is dependent upon the
presence of calcium ions; Magnesium ions block the
calcium channels and inhibits the release of
neurotransmitter
The cell body of the sensory neuron (R1) receives the
stimulus, and therefore has a higher depolarizing response
than the cell body of the interneuron (R3); Graded receptor
potentials occur at these areas, while action potentials
occur at the axons of both types of neurons (R2 and R4).
Conclusions