CE ELEC 4: WATER AND WASTEWATER

ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION:
Water and Wastewater Engineering involves the entire water
cycle process, from sourcing of potable water supplies (surface
water and groundwater) to treating and discharging of
wastewater resulting from urban and industrial activities.
Water Supply
The nature of the water source commonly determines the
planning, design, and operation of the collection, treatment,
transmission and distribution works.
The two major sources used to supply community and industrial
needs comes from the surface water and groundwater. Streams,
lakes, and rivers are the surface water sources while groundwater
sources are those from aquifers.
Population and water consumption patterns are the prime
factors that govern the quantity of water required and the source
and the whole composition of water resource system.
Factors that influence water consumption are industrial activity,
meterage and water price, system management, standard of

Water Supply System

Water Supply System in Metro

Manila

UMIRAY DIVERSION
DAM (MWSS)
ANGAT RESERVOIR
(NPC)

UMIRAY ANGAT
TUNNEL

IPO DAM (MWSS)

IPO - BICTI TUNNELS

BICTI
BASINS
ALAT DAM (MWCI)
BICTI NOVALICHES
AQUEDUCTS

NOVALICHES
PORTALS

LA MESA
RESERVOIR

NOVALICHES
DIVERSION WEIR

Plant Capacity: 1600 MLD

Current Production:1312 MLD

BYPASS

LMTP 2

30 Deepwells at 27 MLD

INTAKE 1
INTAKE 3

900 MLD
LMTP 1

INTAKE 2

1500 MLD

Maynilad
Maynilad

NOVALICHES
BALARA AQUEDUCTS
BTP 1

470 MLD

BTP 2

1130 MLD

La Mesa Headworks Schematic

Diagram

Wastewater
Safe disposal of all human wastes is necessary to protect the
health of the individual, family, and the community, and also to
prevent the occurrence of certain nuisances.
Human wastes must be disposed so that:
1. They will not contaminate any drinking water supply.
2. They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being
accessible to insects, rodents, or other possible carriers
that may come into contact with food or drinking water.
3. They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being
accessible to children.
4. They will not pollute or contaminate the waters of any
bathing beach or stream used for public and domestic
water-supply purposes or recreational purposes.
5. They will not give rise to a nuisance due to odor or
unsightly appearance.
6. They will not cause violation of laws or regulations
governing water pollution or sewage disposal.

Wastewater Management
System

Source: MWSI

Sewage Transmission in Central Manila thru Main Sewer

Lines and Lift Stations

Catchment Area of Manila Esteros

ESTERO BLITZ
I
Massive Clean Up/
Dredging of Waterways

Estero Blitz II

Estero Blitz II

Estero Blitz II
Estero de Valencia
Sta. Mesa, Manila

Estero de Vitas
Tondo, Manila

Before

After

Estero Rehabilitation Works

Estero de Paco

Before

After

Estero Rehabilitation Works

Estero de Paco

WATERWAYS CLEAN-UP ACTIVITIES

Makati City

ENACTMENT OF RELATED LAWS AND ORDINANCES

City Ordinance 2003-095 (Makati City Solid Waste Management Code)

City Ordinance 2011-036 (An Ordinance Establishing a Septage Management
System in the City of Makati)

BEFORE

AFTER

WHAT IS A PUMPING STATION?

The pumping stations shall facilitate the
draining of flood waters when the water
elevation at Manila Bay or Pasig River is
high due to high tide and/or excessive
rains.
Although these pumping stations may
be effective during normal to major
flooding events, these facilities are
limited to the capacity of its installed
pumps and the capability of the
waterways that convey flood waters
towards the pumping stations.

Definition of Basic Terms

Water Supply
1. Water Works- all construction (structures, pipe, equipment)
required for the collection, transportation, pumping, treatment,
storage, and distribution of water.
2. Supply Works- dams, impounding reservoirs, intake, structures,
pumping stations, wells, and other construction required for the
development of a water supply source.
3. Supply Line- the pipeline from the supply source to the
treatment works or distribution system.
4. Treatment Works- all basins, filters, buildings, and equipment for
the conditioning of water to render it acceptable for a specific
use.
5. Distribution System- a system of pipes and appurtenances by
which water is provided for domestic, industrial, and firefighting
uses.
6. Feeder Mains- the principal pipelines of a distribution system.
7. Distribution Mains- the pipelines that constitute the distribution
system except service lines.

Treatment Plant

Laying of Pipelines

Distribution Pipes/Pipe Network (Model)

8. Service Line- the pipeline extending from the distribution main

to building served .
9. Effective Population- the resident personnel and dependents
plus an allowance for non-resident personnel, derived by adding
one-third of the population figure for nonresidents to the figure
for residents.
10.Capacity Factor- the multiplier which is applied to the effective
population figure to provide an allowance for reasonable
population increase, variations in water demand, uncertainties
as to actual water requirements, and for unusual peak demands
whose magnitude cannot be accurately estimated in advance.
11.Design Population- the population figure obtained by multiplying
the effective population figure by the appropriate capacity
factor.
12.Required Daily Demand- the total daily water requirement. Its
value is obtained by multiplying the design population by the
appropriate per capita domestic water allowance and adding to
this quantity any special industrial, irrigation, or other demands.
13.Peak Domestic Demand- for system design purposes, the peak
domestic demand is considered to be the greater of :
(a) Maximum day demand, i .e ., 2 .5 times the required daily

14.Fire Flow- the required number of gpm at a specified pressure at

the site of the fire for a specified period of time.
15.Fire Demand- the required rate of flow of water in gpm during a
specified fire period. Fire demand includes fire flow plus 50
percent of the required daily demand and, in addition, any
industrial or other demand that cannot be reduced during a fire
period.
16.Rated Capacity- the rated capacity of a supply line, intake
structure, treatment plant, or pumping unit is the amount of
water which can be passed through the unit when it is operating
under design conditions.
17.Elevated Storage- capacity or volume of a tank or reservoir
above the minimum required hydraulic gradient . Elevated
storage can be above natural grade, supported by a tower or
pedestal where all storage is contained above ground, at natural
grade, or below natural grade.
18.Ground Storage- capacity or volume of a tank or reservoir below
the minimum required hydraulic gradient.
19.Standpipe- a cylindrical tank whose height exceeds its diameter
and is normally constructed of steel or reinforced concrete.
20.Minimum

Required

Hydraulic

Gradient-

line

defining

the

Standpipes

Terms with Relation to Well and Groundwater

21.Specific Capacity- the yield per foot of drawdown from a well
and is commonly expressed as gpm per foot of drawdown.
22.Aquifer- a porous, water-bearing geologic formation. The term is
generally restricted to formations capable of yielding an
appreciable supply of water.
23.Confined Aquifer- an aquifer that is surrounded by geologic
formations of less permeable or impermeable material. An
artesian well is one that taps a "confined aquifer .
24.Unconfined Aquifer- an aquifer whose upper limit is at
atmospheric pressure . Unconfined aquifers are sometimes
termed "water table" aquifers and are recharged principally by
vertical percolation.
25.Permeability Coefficient- a measure of the capacity of a porous
formation for transmitting water. The standard permeability
coefficient is the rate of flow of water at 60 degrees F in gpd,
through a cross section of 1 square foot, under a hydraulic
gradient of unity.
26.Transmissibility Coefficient- the rate of flow in gpd through an
aquifer's vertical section, whose height is the thickness of the
aquifer and whose width is 1 foot, under a hydraulic gradient of

Diagrammatic Section of a Well

Definition of Basic Terms

Wastewater
1. Sewerage- refers to the collection, treatment,
liquid
waste. Works or Sewage Works- includes
2. Sewerage
structures required for the collection, treatment,
wastewater.
3. Sewage or Wastewater- is the liquid waste

and disposal of
all the physical
and disposal of

conveyed by a
sewer and may include domestic and industrial discharges as well
as storm sewage, infiltration, and inflow.
Sources of Sewage (nos. 4-8)
4. Domestic or Sanitary Sewage- originates in the sanitary
conveniences of dwellings, commercial facilities and institutions.
5. Industrial Wastewater- includes the liquid discharges from
industrial processes such as manufacturing and food processing.
6. Storm Sewage- flow derived from rainfall events and
deliberately introduced into sewers intended for conveyance.
7. Infiltration- water which enters the sewers from the ground
through leaks.

Diagrammatic Sewage Treatment

Plant

Sewerage Works

Combined Sewer
System

8. Inflow- water which enters the sewers from the surface during
rainfall events, through flaws in the system.
General Types of Sewers (nos. 10-12)
9. Sewer- is a pipe or conduit, generally closed but normally not
flowing full, which carries sewage.
10. Sanitary Sewer- carries sanitary sewage and is designed to
exclude storm sewage, infiltration, and inflow. Industrial wastes
may be carried in sanitary sewers depending upon its
characteristics.
11. Storm Sewer- carries storm sewage and any other wastes
which may be discharged into the streets or onto the surface of
the ground.
12. Combined Sewer- carries both domestic and storm sewage.
13. Combined System- sewer system composed of combined
sewers.
14. Separate System- sewer system that segregates storm water
from domestic.

Components of Sewer System (nos. 15-22)

15. House Sewer- pipe conveying wastewater from an individual
structure to a common sewer.
16. Lateral Sewer- common sewer with no tributary flow except
from house sewers.
17. Sub-main Sewer- collects flow from one or more laterals as
well as house sewers.
18. Main or Trunk Sewer- collects flow from several sub-mains as
well as laterals and house sewers.
19. Force Mains- pressurized sewer lines which convey sewage
from a pumping station to another main or to a point of
treatment
or disposal.
20. Intercepting
Sewer- intersects other sewers to separate the
dry weather flow from storm-water flow which they may carry.
21. Relief Sewer- a sewer which has been built to carry a portion
of the flow in a system with otherwise inadequate capacity.
22. Outfall Sewer- carries the collected waste to a point of
treatment or disposal.

Intercepting Sewers

Relief Sewer

Sewer Outfall

23. Sewage Treatment- includes any process which may be used

to favorably modify the characteristics of the wastewater.
24. Sewage Disposal- refers to the discharge of liquid waste to
the environment. Normally, disposal implies some degree of
treatment prior to disposal.