Quality

Quality is a measure of how closely a good

or service conforms to specified standard.
Quality standards may be any one or a
combination of attributes/variables of the
product being manufactured.
The attributes will include performance,
reliability, appearance, commitment to
delivery time, etc.
Variables may be some measurement
variables like, length, width, height,
diameter, surface finish, etc.

Need for controlling Quality

In the absence of quality, the following will result:

No yardstick for comparing the quality of
goods/services.
Difficulty in maintaining consistency in quality.
Dissatisfied customers due to increased
maintenance and operating costs of production
services.
Increased rework cost while manufacturing
products/providing services
Reduced life time of the products/services.
Reduced flexibility with respect to usage of
standard spare parts.
Hence, controlling quality is an essential activity.

 CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITY CONTROL

TECHNIQUES

Quality Control Techniques

Control charts
For Variables
X chart
R chart
For Attributes
C chart
P chart

 CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITY CONTROL

TECHNIQUES
Control charts
TYPE OF DATA
The measurement data in statistical quality control
can be classified into variable data and Attribute
data.
Variable data are continuous in nature and are
measurable on a sliding scale. These data can
have a range of values and provide more
information than the attribute data. Examples of
variable data are: dimension, voltage, weight, etc.
Attribute data(Qualitative) are discrete in nature
and can be binary. An example of attribute data is
an accept/reject test of a shaft using Go/NoGo
gauges.

 CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITY CONTROL

TECHNIQUES

Control charts
Control charts show the performance
of a process from two points of view.
First, they show a snap-shot of the
process at the moment the data are
collected.
Second, they show the process trend
as time progresses

Procedure to construct X chart and R chart

Identify the process to be controlled.

Select the variable of interest.
Decide a suitable sample size (n) and number of
samples to be collected (k).
Collect the specified number of samples over a given
time interval.
Find the measurement of interest for each piece
within the sample.
Obtain mean (X) of each sample.
Also obtain the range (R) of each sample (R = max X
- min X).
Then obtain X and R.
Establish control limits for X and R charts.
Incorporate the control limits on X and R charts.
Plot X and R values in X and R charts, respectively.
Hunt for assignable causes when the process is out

Procedure to construct X chart and R chart

Control limits for X

UCL = X +AR
LCL = X - AR

Control limits for R

UCL= BR
LCL= CR

Factors of Control Charts

Construct X chart and R chart

The following data were obtained over a five-day

period to indicate X and R control for a quality
characteristic of a certain manufacturing product
that had required a substantial amount of rework.
All the figures apply to the product made on a
single machine by a single operator.
The sample size was 5. Two samples were taken
per day.
Comment on the process using X and R charts.

Procedure to construct X chart and R chart

Procedure to construct P chart and C chart

The values for A, B and C for the sample size of 5
are given below.
For n = 5, A = 0.58, B - 2.11 and C = 0.
Control limits for X

UCL = X + A R

= 10.32 + .58 x 3.9

= 10.32 + 2.262 = 12.582
LCL = X AR

= 10.32 - 0.58 x 3.9

= 10.32 - 2.262 = 8.058
Control limits for R

UCL = BR = 2.11 x 3.9 = 8.229

LCL = CR = 0 x 3.9 = 0

Procedure to construct P chart and C chart

Control Charts for Attributes
In many situations, quality measurements are
expressed as attributes (good or bad etc.).
The other name for P-chart is percent defective
chart.
Purposes
a) To discover the average proportion of non
conforming articles or parts submitted for
inspection over a period of time.
b) To bring to the management attention, if there
is any change in average quality level.

Procedure to construct P chart and C chart

Alpha electronic company manufactures cathode

ray tubes on mass production
At some intermediate point of production line, 15
samples of size 50 each have been taken,
within each sample were classified into good or
bad.
The related data are given in the following table.
Construct a P-chart with 3 sigma limit and
comment on the process.

Procedure to construct P chart and C chart

C-chart

This
chart
applies
to
the
number
of
nonconformities in samples of constant size.
C
variable
representing
the
number
of
nonconformities (defects) in each sample.
To control the number of nonconforming rivets in
an aircraft wing.
To control the number of imperfections observed
in a galvanized sheet.
To control the number of surface imperfections
on a large casting like gear blank used to rotate
kiln in cement plants.
To control the number of defects in final
assemblies (like, TV, radio, computer, I.C.
engines, etc.)

Construct C chart
The following table gives the number of missing
rivets noted in a newly Bed bus. Construct a C-chart
Numbe 1
r

Missing
Rivets

13

26

20

Number 6

10

Missing
Rivets

15

11

14

13

14

25

Construct C chart
The following table gives the number of missing
rivets noted in a newly Bed bus. Construct a C-chart
Numbe 1
r

Missing
Rivets

13

26

20

Number 6

10

Missing
Rivets

15

11

14

13

14

25

Construct X chart and R chart

The following data were obtained over a five-day

period to indicate X and R control for a quality
characteristic of a certain manufacturing product
that had required a substantial amount of rework.
All the figures apply to the product made on a
single machine by a single operator.
The sample size was 5. Two samples were taken
per day.
Comment on the process using X and R charts.

Construct X chart and R chart

Construct X chart and R chart

Beta electronic company manufactures resistors

on mass production basis. At some intermediate
point of production line, 10 samples of size 100
each have been taken.
Resistors within each sample were classified into
good or bad.
The related data are given in the following table
Construct a P-chart with 3 sigma limit and
comment on the process.

Construct X chart and R chart

The following table gives the number of defects in

a diesel engine.
Construct a C-Chart with 3 sigma limits and
comment on the casting process.

Construct X chart and R chart

Construct X chart and R chart