INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS

Prepared by:
Joshua Erdy A. Tan
Professional Teacher

Outline of Discussion
I.
II.
III.

Basics of Statistics
Statistical Description of Data
Measures of Central Tendency

Objectives
Define the basics of statistics.
Compute for the accurate statistical data.
Reflect on learning statistics in everyday
lives.

Basics of Statistics

Statistics
Science of collection, presentation,
analysis, and reasonable interpretation of
data.
Presents a rigorous scientific method for
gaining insight into data.
Give an instant overall picture of data based
on graphical presentation or numerical
summarization irrespective to the number
of data points.

Statistical Methods

Methods used to determine the variability

and reliability of data.

Taxonomy of Statistical
Methods

Statistical Description of
Data

Statistical Description of
Data

Statistics describes a numeric set of data by

its:
Center
Variability
Shape

Statistics describes a categorical set of data

by:
Frequency, percentage or proportion of each
category

Variables

Any characteristic of an individual or

entity. It can take different values for
different individuals.

Types of Variables

Nominal - Categorical variables with no

inherent order or ranking sequence such as
names or classes (e.g., gender). Value may be
a numerical, but without numerical value (e.g.,
I, II, III). The only operation that can be applied
to Nominal variables is enumeration.
Ordinal - Variables with an inherent rank or
order, e.g. mild, moderate, severe. Can be
compared for equality, or greater or less, but
not how much greater or less.

Types of Variables

Interval - Values of the variable are

ordered as in Ordinal, and additionally,
differences between values are
meaningful, however, the scale is not
absolutely anchored.
Ratio - Variables with all properties of
Interval plus an absolute, non-arbitrary
zero point, e.g. age, weight, temperature
(Kelvin).

Distribution

Tells us what values the variable takes and

how often it takes these values.

Types of Distribution
Unimodal - having a single peak
Bimodal - having two distinct peaks
Symmetric - left and right half are mirror
images.

Frequency Distribution

Consider a data set of 26 children of ages

1-6 years. Then the frequency distribution
of variable age can be tabulated as
follows

Frequency Distribution
Frequency
Distribution of
Age:
Age
1
2
Frequency

Grouped Frequency Distribution of

Age:
Age Group
1-2
3-4
Frequency

12

5-6
6

Cumulative Frequency
Age

Frequency

Cumulative
Frequency

15

20

24

26

Age Group

1-2

3-4

5-6

Frequency

12

Cumulative Frequency

20

26

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean
The most popular and well known measure
of central tendency.
It is equal to the sum of all the values in the
data set (
) divided by the number of
values ( ) in the data set.

Formula:

Mean
For example, consider the wages of staff at a factory
below:
Staff

Salary 15k 18k 16k

10

14k

15k

15k

12k

17k

90k

95k

Mean
To get the mean (represented by x) , you need to
add the salaries of staff members and divide it by
the number of staff members.
x = (15,000 + 18,000 + 16,000 + 14,000 + 15,000
+ 15,000 + 12,000 + 17,000 + 90,000 + 95,000)/10
x = 30,700
Answer: The mean salary for these ten staff is
$30.7k.

Median

The middle score for a set of data that has

been arranged in order of magnitude.

Formula:
e = (x + y)/2
Where:
e = median
x = smallest middle mark
y = largest middle mark

Median

Suppose we have a data below:

65

55

89

56

35

14

56

55

87

45

92

To get the median, find the smallest and

largest middle mark.
(x) Smallest middle mark: 55
(y) Largest middle mark: 56

Median

Then solve using the formula:

e = (x+y)/2
e = (55+56)/2
e = 55.5
Answer: The median is 55.5.

Mode
The

set.

most frequent score in the data

Mode

Suppose we have a data below:

69

55

89

56

35

14

56

55

83

55

91

To get the mode (X), find the most

occuring/frequent score in the data above.
X = 55
Answer: The mode is 55 since it
appears/occurs more than the other numbers.

Range
The

difference between the lowest

and highest values.

Range
InA(4, 6, 9, 3, 7)the lowest value is 3,
and the highest is 9.
To get the Range of A:

R = highest value lowest value

R=93
R=6
Answer: The range of set A is 6.

END