Chapter 4

Operations
on
Bits
Brooks/Cole,
2003

OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, the reader should
be able to:
Apply arithmetic operations on bits when the integer is
represented in twos complement.
Apply logical operations on bits.
Understand the applications of logical operations using masks.
Understand the shift operations on numbers and how a number
can be multiplied or divided by powers of two using shift
operations.
Brooks/Cole,
2003

Figure 4-1

Operations on bits

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2003

4.1
ARITHMETIC
OPERATIONS

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2003

Table 4.1 Adding bits

Number of 1s

-----------None
One
Two
Three

Result

Carry

------------ -----------0
1
0
1
1
1

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Note:

Rule of Adding Integers

in
Twos Complement
Add 2 bits and propagate the
carry to the next column. If
there is a final carry after the
leftmost column addition,
discard it.

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 1
Add two numbers in twos complement
representation:(+17)+(+22)(+39)
Solution
Carry

1
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1

Result

0
1

1
0

---------------------------------0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

39

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 2
Add two numbers in twos complement
representation:(+24)+(17)(+7)
Solution
Carry

1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1

Result

0
1

0
1

---------------------------------0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

+7

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 3
Add two numbers in twos complement
representation:(35)+(+20)(15)
Solution
Carry

1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1

Result

0
0

1
0

---------------------------------1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

-15

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 4
Add two numbers in twos complement
representation:(+127)+(+3)(+130)
Solution
Carry

Result

1 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0

1
1

1
1

---------------------------------1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -126 (Error)

An overflow has occurred.
Brooks/Cole,
2003

Note:
Range of numbers in twos
complement
representation
- (2N-1) ---------- 0 ----------+(2N-1 1)
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2003

Figure 4-2

Twos complement numbers visualization

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2003

Note:
Whenyoudoarithmeticoperationson
numbersinacomputer,rememberthat
eachnumberandtheresultshouldbe
intherangedefinedbythebitallocation.

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 5
Subtract 62 from 101 in twos complement:
(+101)(+62)(+101)+(62)
Solution
Carry

1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0

0
1

1
0

---------------------------------Result
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
The leftmost carry is discarded.

39

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 6
Addtwofloats:
01000010010110000000000000000000
01000001001100000000000000000000
Solution
Theexponentsare5and3.Thenumbersare:
+25x1.1011and+23x1.011
Maketheexponentsthesame.
(+25x1.1011)+(+25x0.01011) +25x10.00001
Afternormalization+26x1.000001,whichisstoredas:
010000101000001000000000000000000
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2003

4.2
LOGICAL
OPERATIONS

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2003

Figure 4-3

Unary and binary operations

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2003

Figure 4-4

Logical operations

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2003

Figure 4-5

Truth tables

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2003

Figure 4-6

NOT operator

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2003

Example 7
UsetheNOToperatoronthebitpattern10011000

Solution
Target
10011000NOT

Result01100111

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2003

Figure 4-7

AND operator

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2003

Example 8
UsetheANDoperatoronbitpatterns10011000
and00110101.
Solution
Target
10011000AND
00110101

Result00010000

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2003

Figure 4-8

Inherent rule of the AND operator

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2003

Figure 4-9

OR operator

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2003

Example 9
UsetheORoperatoronbitpatterns10011000and
00110101
Solution
Target
10011000OR
00110101

Result10111101

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2003

Figure 4-10

Inherent rule of the OR operator

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2003

Figure 4-11

XOR operator

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2003

Example 10
UsetheXORoperatoronbitpatterns10011000
and00110101.
Solution
Target
10011000XOR
00110101

Result10101101

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2003

Figure 4-12

Inherent rule of the XOR operator

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2003

Figure 4-13

Mask

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2003

Figure 4-14

Example of unsetting specific bits

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2003

Example 11
Useamasktounset(clear)the5leftmostbitsofa
pattern.Testthemaskwiththepattern10100110.
Solution
Themaskis00000111.
Target
10100110AND
Mask00000111

Result00000110
Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 12
Imagineapowerplantthatpumpswatertoacity
usingeightpumps.Thestateofthepumps(onor
off)canberepresentedbyan8bitpattern.For
example,thepattern11000111showsthatpumps
1to3(fromtheright),7and8areonwhile
pumps4,5,and6areoff.Nowassumepump7
shutsdown.Howcanamaskshowthissituation?

Solution on the next slide.

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Solution
Usethemask10111111toANDwiththetarget
pattern.Theonly0bit(bit7)inthemaskturns
offtheseventhbitinthetarget.
Target
11000111AND
Mask10111111

Result10000111

Brooks/Cole,
2003

Figure 4-15

Example of setting specific bits

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2003

Example 13
Useamasktosetthe5leftmostbitsofapattern.
Testthemaskwiththepattern10100110.
Solution
Themaskis11111000.
Target
10100110OR
Mask11111000

Result11111110
Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 14
Usingthepowerplantexample,howcanyouuse
amasktotoshowthatpump6isnowturnedon?
Solution
Usethemask00100000.
Target
10000111OR
Mask00100000

Result10100111
Brooks/Cole,
2003

Figure 4-16

Example of flipping specific bits

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2003

Example 15
Useamasktoflipthe5leftmostbitsofapattern.
Testthemaskwiththepattern10100110.
Solution
Target
10100110XOR
Mask11111000

Result01011110

Brooks/Cole,
2003

4.3
SHIFT
OPERATIONS

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2003

Figure 4-17

Shift operations

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2003

Example 16
Showhowyoucandivideormultiplyanumber
by
2usingshiftoperations.
Solution
Ifabitpatternrepresentsanunsigned
number,arightshiftoperationdividesthe
numberbytwo.Thepattern00111011
represents59.Whenyoushiftthenumberto
theright,youget00011101,whichis29.Ifyou
shifttheoriginalnumbertotheleft,youget
01110110,whichis118.
Brooks/Cole,
2003

Example 17
Useacombinationoflogicalandshiftoperations
tofindthevalue(0or1)ofthefourthbit(from
theright).

Solution
Usethemask00001000toANDwiththetargetto
keepthefourthbitandcleartherestofthebits.
Continued on the next slide
Brooks/Cole,
2003

Solution (continued)
Target
abcdefghAND
Mask00001000

Result0000e000
Shiftthenewpatternthreetimestotheright
0000e000 00000e00 000000e0 0000000e
Nowitiseasytotestthevalueofthenewpatternas
anunsignedinteger.Ifthevalueis1,theoriginalbit
was1;otherwisetheoriginalbitwas0.
Brooks/Cole,
2003