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Jan. 6 Introduction
8 History of EE 1
10 Earth¶s climate system 2
13 Energy balance 4
15 Water balance 4
17  
4
20 !

22 Soils I 3
24 Soils II 3
 ~owen ratio
‡ Can range from <0.1 (tropical ocean) to
>10 (desert)
 ôutline
‡ Water outputs
‡ Measurements
‡ Vegetation and climate
 àranspiration drives water
movement through plant

‡ Water moves in continuous column from

film on soil particles to leaf cells

‡ Moves upward because of strong

cohesive forces among water molecules
6lants have some water storage capacity
Quite limited in most plants (2 hours in this graph)
Most of water must come from soil (not plant storage)
 Water loss from leaves
‡ Driving force is vapor pressure gradient
± Depends on temperature and water vapor
in bulk air

‡ Stomata are major resistance

± Stomatal conductance depends on
‡ Soil moisture
‡ Vapor pressure of air (in some species)
©ate of water loss from leaves
depends on water supply

‡ Influences water potential gradient

‡ 6lants adjust stomatal conductance to

match water supply
Water inputs to ecosystem
determines water outputs
6
  


6 = 6recipitation
S = Storage
Eà = Evapotranspiration
© = ©unoff
 Controls over Eà
‡ Interception

‡ ~oundary layer conductance

± 6
 control over water loss
± Depends on vegetation structure and wind
± ! 

    
  



‡ Surface conductance
± Depends on stomatal conductance
± ~ecomes increasingly important as soils dry
 Streamflow is the ³leftovers´

‡ «after storage and Eà are met

‡ ôver long term, runoff depends on ppt

and Eà

‡ ©unoff = (6
  
In moist ecosystems, Eà is relatively insensitive to ppt.
6recipitation directly regulates streamflow
Converting the Amazon to pasture«
 Consequences of deforestation
‡ 25-40% of ppt in Amazon basin comes from
within-basin Eà

‡ Dry air = decreased transport of ocean air to

basin

‡ 6ermanent reduction in ppt

‡ Favors grasses/savannah vegetation/fire

 6ositive feedback to grass/fire
a ©ooting depth

a Eà/LE H
Grass/fire
+
a Humidity Air à

a ppt
Forests absorb more radiation (lower albedo)
Forests transfer more sensible heat to atmosphere
Air over forest is warmer and more humid at any give height
6ositive feedback to migration of treeline
àrees

a Albedo
(earlier spring)

Warmer climate
©net
+

Air à
 Energy
Measurements
‡ ©net
‡ Storage
‡ Ground heat flux
‡ Sensible heat flux
‡ Latent heat flux