FIRST AID

First Aid
Consent

Conscious victim
Unconscious victim
Children
Mentally incompetent victim

Refusing help

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (Initial assessment)
Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)
Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)

Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)
Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

D
R
s
A
B
C

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)

Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)
Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

Dangers
R
s
A
B
C

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)
AVPU scale
Alert and aware
Responds to Verbal stimuli
Responds to Painful stimuli
Unresponsive

Dangers
Response
s
A
B
C

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)

Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)
Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

Dangers
Response
shout for help
A
B
C

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)

Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)
Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

Dangers
Response
shout for help
Airway
Breathing
Circulation

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)

Get help

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Get help

Europe 112
Local 155
Helth care facility 4444

What happened
How many victims
Where
Who

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)
Get help

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

A
B
C
D
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)
Get help

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Head tilt chin lift method

Jaw thrust method

Airway
B
C
D
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Rate
Normal respiration 12 - 20
Bradypnea

Tachypnea

Apnea
Depth
Ease
Noise

Airway
Breathing
C
D
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)
Get help

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
D
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Rate
Normal HR
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Strength
Rhythm
Arrythmia
Skin colour

60 - 90

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
D
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Systemic BP
Normal BP

120140 / 60-80

Hypertension

Hypotension

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
D
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)
Get help

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Mental status
Pupils
Extremities

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Eye opening

Mental status: Glasgow Coma Scale

Pupils
Extremities

Spontaneously
To Speach
To Pain
None

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Verbal response

Orientated
Confused
Inappropriate words
Incomprehensible sounds
None

Motor response

5
4
3
2
1

Obeys verbal commands

Localising pain
Withdraws
from pain stimuli
Flexing to pain
Extension to pain
No response

6
5
4
3
2
1

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
E

4
3
2
1

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

GCS

Pupils

Extremities

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Shape

Equality

Response to light

PEARL

Pupils Equal And Reacting to Light

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

GCS
PEARL

Extremities

Secondary Survey (assessment)

CSM
Circulation
Sensation
Movement

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
E

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)
Get help

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Provide first aid
Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure, Everything Else

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Physical exam

Victims chief complaint

Head to toe examination

Victims history

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure, Everything Else

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Physical exam

Victims chief complaint

Head to toe examination

Victims history

Secondary Survey (assessment)

DOTS
Deformity
Open wounds
Tenderness
Swelling

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure, Everything Else

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Physical exam

Victims chief complaint

Head to toe examination

Victims history (SAMPLE history)

Secondary Survey (assessment)

Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last oral intake
Events leading up to the illness or injury

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure, Everything Else

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY
Primary Survey (assessment)
Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)

Provide first aid

Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

Primary Survey (assessment)

Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)
Provide first aid

Reassess regularly
Transport to health care facility

Recovery position

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

Primary Survey (assessment)

Get help
Secondary Survey (assessment)
Provide first aid
Reassess regularly

Transport to health care facility

RESOURCES
National Safety Council; FIRST AID AND CPR.
Chapleau, W., Pons, P. (2007) EMERGENCY MEDICAL
TECHNICIAN. St. Louis: Elsevier
Caroline, N. (2007) EMERGENCY CARE IN THE STREET.
6th ed. London: Jones and Bartlett