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mnr/BIO203/Chapter 8/of 21
mnr/BIO203/Chapter 8/of 21
Increased blood flow increases the temperature of the affected area, bring
increased number of phagocytes and causes redness.
Histamines make the capillaries more permeable and phagocytes leave the blood
vessel.
The leaky blood vessels also release plasma, causing edema and accompanying
pain.
The damage tissues swell and as the inflammation develops, the effects of
histamine are enhanced by other chemical mediators, including kinins and
complement protein, formed in blood plasma.
These chemicals attract neutrophils by a process called chemotaxis.The
neutrophils first stick to the walls of damaged blood vessels and then penetrate
into the tissues by squeezing between the endothelial cells lining the vessel
walls.
In the tissue they attack both bacteria and damaged tissue cells, engulfing them
in cytoplasmic vacuoles. Inside the vacuoles, bacteria are normally killed and
digested by lysosomal enzymes. Dead bacteria, tissue cells and neutrophils may
accumulate to form pus at the site of injury.
Inflammation is often simply a local response, but fever is a widespread
inflammatory response.
Macrophages and other cells release compounds such as IL-1 which cause fever.
Prostaglandins are also involves in causing fever.
Fever interferes with the growth of some bacteria by decreasing the free
ion required for growth, and increases the activity of some other cells
involved in the defense mechanism.
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Fever
An infected area often fells warm to the touch because heat is one of
the bodys way of fighting pathogen. Normally the brain keeps the
human body at about 37oC (98.5oF). However when the body is
infected, some white blood cells (normally neutrophils) respond by
releasing hormone that act as pyrogen (fire-producers). If enough
pyrogen reach the brain the body thermostat is reset to a higher
temperature, allowing the body temperature to rise, producing fever.
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Second line
Inflammation (WBC, macrophages, blood
clotting)
Organ with pathogen killing function (lymph
nodes).
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INVASION BY PATHOGEN
NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSE
MECHANISMS
Barrier
Inflammation
SPECIFIC DEFENSE
MECHANISMS
Cell mediated
immunity
Antibody
mediated
immunity
Cytokines (e.g.
interleukins), interferon
Phagocytes; Phagocytosis
Interleukins: a diverse group of regulatory proteins (cytokines) produced mainly by macrophages and
lymphocytes
Interferons: A proteins (cytokines) produced by animal cells when challenged by a virus. Important in
immune responses, it prevent viral reproduction and enables cells to resist a variety of viruses.
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AGRANULAR
LEUKOCYTES
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast Cell: A type of cell found in connective tissue, contains histamines and is important
in allergic reactions.
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Interferon:
Viral infections cause several different types of body cells to produce
interferon. This substance is released into the circulation and then acts on
other cells making them immune to viral attack.
Interferon stimulates cells to produce antiviral proteins which interfere with
viral DNA and RNA replication.
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Blood Group
Phenotype
Genotype
Antibodies present in
blood serum
AB
ii
Anti A,
Anti B
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
IAIA or IAi
Anti B
No
No
Yes
Yes
IBIB or IBi
Anti A
No
Yes
No
Yes
AB
IAIB
No
No
No
No
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Antigen: Substance that can stimulate immune system or any non-self molecular configurations
which when recognized by certain lymphocytes, trigger immune responses.
Antibody: Protein produce by the immune system that combine with the specific antigen.
Vaccination
Vaccine: Commercially produced weakened or killed antigen of a particular disease that stimulates
the body to make antibodies.
Immunization:
Immune response: The production of antibodies or T cells in response to foreingn antigens.
Attenuation: The loss of virulence of a pathogenic microorganism after several generations of culture
in vitro. Attenuated microorganisms are commonly used in vaccines.
AIDS Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
Antibiotic:
One of a group of organic compounds, varying in structure, that are produced
by microorganisms and can be kill or inhibit the activities of other microorganism. One of the best
known example is penicillin, which was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming, Streptomyxin etc.
Effector cells: are differentiated cells of lymphocytes subpopulation that immediately engages and
destroy an antigen-bearing agent during an immune response.
Memory cells: B or T cells that forms during an immune response but that does not act at once. It
enters a resting phase, from which it is released for a secondary immune response.
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