Professional Documents
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Relationship
IPR
by
Dr. Leslie Thompson
Production System
Fluid Production
Path of produced fluids
Reservoir
Perforations, gravel pack, etc.
Downhole equipment, casing, tubing.
Mixing with gas-lift gas
Fluid Production
In each flow segment, the fluids interact
with the production components
Pressure, temperature and flow velocity
are altered.
Fluid properties constantly changing.
Pressure Losses
Driving Force
The driving force that moves fluids along the
reservoir and production system is the energy
stored in the form of compressed fluids in the
reservoir.
As the fluids move along the system components,
pressure drop occurs. The pressure in the
direction of flow continuously decreases from the
reservoir pressure to the final downstream
pressure value at the separator.
IPR
The flow of oil, gas and water from the
reservoir is characterized by the Inflow
Performance relationship.
IPR is a measure of Pressure losses in the
formation.
Productivity Index
Measure of the wells capacity to
produce fluids from reservoir to
wellbore.
Definition: Fluid production rate for 1 psi
pressure drop from reservoir to
wellbore.
Productivity Index
q t
PI
p t pwf t
PI
p t
p wf t
q(t)
Fluid Properties
Bo, o, Bw, w, co, cw
Bg, g, z, cg
Phases Flowing
Single Phase (Oil, Gas)
Two Phases (O+G, O+W, G+W)
Three Phases (O+G+W)
Determination of PI
Testing the Well
Measure q, pwf, p
q t
PI
p t pwf t
p pwf
kh
re 1
s
141.2 B ln
r
2
w
D a m a g e d Z o n e , (r s, k s)
Radial Flow
Consider single-phase radial flow in a cylindrical
reservoir of radius re with a well in the center
produced at a constant rate qsc STB/D.
If the outer boundary is held at a constant pressure
pe, after some time we will have steady-state flow,
q(r)/B = qsc for all r and t where q(r) is the flow rate in
RB/D through a cylinder of radius r. Moreover, p/t =
0.
k p
kh
p
qsc r 1.127 10 2rh
r
B r 141.2 B r
3
Radial Flow
In the outer zone, re > r > rs
kh
p
qsc r
r
141.2 B r
dp
p r
re
141.2qsc B dr
r r
kh
141.2qsc B re
pe p r
ln
kh
r
Radial Flow
At r = rs, the pressure is given by
141.2qsc B re
p rs pe
ln
kh
rs
Radial Flow
Separating variables and integrating
p rs
141.2qsc B s dr
p r dp
k
h
r
s
141.2qsc B rs
p rs p r
ln
ks h
r
Eliminating p(rs)
141.2qsc B re 141.2qsc B rs
pe p r
ln
ln
kh
ks h
r
rs
141.2qsc B re
k rs
ln ln
kh
rs k s r
Radial Flow
Expanding and simplifying
141.2qsc B re
k rs
rs
rs
pe p r
ln ln ln ln
kh
r
r ks r
rs
rs
141.2qsc B re k
ln
1 ln
kh
r ks r
rs
141.2qsc B re k
ln
1 ln
kh
r
k
r
w
s
w
Skin
We define
k
rs
s
1 ln
k s rw
141.2qsc B re
ln
kh
rw
Notes on Skin
k
rs
s
1 ln
k s rw
Productivity Index
For steady-state radial flow
PI
pe pwf
kh
re
s
141.2 B ln
rw
s is reduced
rw is increased
is reduced
h is increased
Example
A reservoir with the following properties
is flowed at a bottomhole pressure of
4500 psi. Calculate the flow rate.
Suggest two ways of increasing the
wells production rate by a factor of 2.
Properties
Property
Value
Source
Permeability, md
5.2
Thickness, ft
53
Well logs
Viscosity, cp
1.7
Fluid Analysis
1.1
Fluid Analysis
Wellbore radius, ft
0.328
640
Well spacing
Skin factor
10
5635
Solution
First, we convert the wells drainage area to an
2
equivalent drainage radius using re A
The reservoir area is 640 acre = 640 acre43560
ft2/acre = 27878400 ft2. The equivalent reservoir
drainage area is re = 2979 ft.
PI
p p wf
kh
re 1
s
141.2 B ln
rw 2
5.2 53
PI
0.0561 STB/psi
141.21.11.7 ln 2979 0.5 10
0.328
Solution
Solving for Rate
Solution
Another method of doubling the wells rate would be
to double the Productivity Index to a value of 0.1122
STB/psi.
We would do this by decreasing the skin factor by
stimulating the well.
To determine the new skin factor
PI 0.1122
5.2 53
141.21.11.7
snew = 0.7.
2979
0
.
5
new
0.328
ln
Productivity Index
q
PI
p p wf
kh
141.2 B
re
ln
rw
3
s
p p wf
kh
1 2.2458 A
s
141.2 B ln
2
2 rw C A
5.615 N p B
AveragepPressure
t pi
Vpc
Notes
With all else equal, asymmetric well-reservoir
configurations have lower PI and flow rate
compared with a symmetric well-reservoir
configuration
For psuedosteady state flow with constant well
flowing pressure, average reservoir pressure and
flow rate decline continuously due to depletion.
For single phase flow, PI does not change with
changes in changes in flow rate and average
reservoir pressure due to depletion.
q PI p pwf
pwf
p
versus
q
qmax
Pr
q PI p pwf
q
PI
p
wf
qmax PI p
q
qmax
Pr
q J Pr Pwf
q
qmax
2
wf
1424q Z T
kh
r
ln e s
r
Pseudosteady-state flow
p p
2
2
wf
1424q Z T
kh
1 2.2458 A
ln
s
2
2 r C
w
A
p pwf
kh p pwf
1 2.2458 A
s
1424Z T ln
2
2 rw C A
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Rate, MSCF/d
50000
60000
70000
st s Dq
2
wf
1424qZ T 1 2.2458 A
ln
s Dq
2
kh
2 rw C A
p 2 p wf2 aq bq 2
1424Z T
a
kh
b
1 2.2458 A
ln
s
2
2 r C
w
A
1424Z TD
kh
Limiting Cases
When non-Darcy flow is negligible (b << a)
p 2 pwf2 aq
1 2
q p pwf2
a
p 2 pwf2 bq 2
1
q
p 2 pwf2
b
1
2
qC p p
2
2
wf
Multiphase Flow
Need rates of oil, gas, water
PIo, PIg, PIw
PI o
qo
p p wf
ko h
1 2.2458 A
141.2 Bo o ln
s
2
rw C A
qw
kwh
PI w
p p wf
1 2.2458 A
141.2 Bw w ln
s
2
rw C A
qg
kg h
PI g
p pwf
2.2458 A
* * 1
s
141.2 Bg g ln
2
2 rw C A
k o kk ro
k w kk rw
k g kk rg
Multiphase IPR
IPR under multiphase flow conditions cannot be
easily calculated.
The most accurate method is by solving the
equations governing the flow in the porous
media through a reservoir simulator.
The IPR is so important to Production
Engineers that simplified or empirical methods
to estimate it are necessary.
The most common correlations are Vogel and
Fetkovich
Vogel IPR
Vogel used a numerical reservoir simulator to
generate the IPR. He studied several cases
for a specific condition:
Mechanism of production Solution Gas Drive
No water production
Reservoir pressure below bubble point
Saturated conditions
P
w
fr
q
m
ax
Vogel IPR
0.8
0.6
0.4
pwf
pwf
q
0.8
1 0.2
qmax
p
p
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Vogel IPR
Vogel IPR can be obtained from well tests.
Although the method was developed for
solution gas drive reservoirs, the equation is
generally
accepted
for
other
drive
mechanisms as well.
It is found to give excellent results for any well
with a reservoir pressure below the oil bubble
point, i.e., saturated reservoirs.
Undersaturated Reservoirs
P
q J Pr Pwf
Pr
Pb
qb
qmax
Undersaturated Reservoirs
P
Pr
Pb
Pr = Pb
q = q - qb
qb
qmax
Undersaturated Reservoirs
P
q J Pr Pwf
Pr
Pwf
q qb
0.8
1 0.2
qmax qb
Pb
Pwf
Pb
Pb
qb
qmax
Fetkovich IPR
Based on observations of
hundreds of sets of field
production data
C and n are unique to each
well
The values of the constants
C and n are determined
from at two sets of rate and
bottomhole pressure data
at
a
given
average
reservoir pressure.
qo C p p
2
q o ,max Cp
qo
q o ,max
2 n
wf
2n
2
wf
1 2
Example
Given data,
p = 2,400 psia
qo = 100 STB/d
pwf = 1800 psia
Generate inflow performance curve using
both Vogel's and Fetkovich's (n = 1)
equations.
Example
Solution
Vogel's Equation
Determine qo,max
100
1800
1800
1 0.2
0.8
q o ,max
2400
2400
1 0.2
250
2400
2400
Example
Fetkovich's Equation
Determine qo,max
100
1800
1
q o ,max
2400
Example
Vogel
pwf, psia qo, STB/d
0
250.0
600
225.0
1200
175.0
1800
100.0
2400
0.0
Fetkovich
pwf, psia qo, STB/d
0
228.6
600
214.3
1200
171.5
1800
100.0*
2400
0.0
Multiphase IPR
300
250
Rate, STB/D
200
150
100
50
0
0
500
1000
1500
Pressure, psia
2000
2500
3000