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Vote Buying

Dellava | Narida | Pedrablanca | Salvador | Tenefrancia

Flow of Presentation
I.

Introduction: Definition
A. Perspective of Candidates and their Agents
B. Perspective of Voters

II. Candidate Strategies and Voter Meanings


A. Socioeconomic Factors
B. Institutional Factors
C. Organizational Factors
III. Philippine Laws against Vote Buying
IV. Kinds of Voters
V. Conclusion

1.
Vote buying: Definition

UnderArticle XXII of the Omnibus Election Code,


(OEC)
vote buying is defined as
giving, offering, or promising money, favors, or
jobs in exchange for getting a person's vote for
the principal or causing the person to vote
against somebody else.
It holds both the vote buyer and vote seller
criminally liable.

Perspective of Candidates and their Agents


Instrumental Compliance
- exchange for tangible rewards

Normative Compliance
- goodness or worthiness

Coercive Compliance
- bullying recipients

Perspective of Voters
Payment
A quid pro quo
Gift or Favor
Wage
Threat
Reparation
Evidence of Winnability
Affront

Perhaps politicians think its a way of assuring


people that theyre there to help, [that] they did
not forget, but thats just putting it a little too
nicely. Maybe its a habit they cant kick, like
cigarette smoking or pot.
-Ilocos Norte voter, disillusioned, as his initial
preference for mayor who he thought ran a clean
campaign, was the one who actually bought his vote.

2.
Candidate Strategies
and Voter Meanings

Socioeconomic Factors
Effective clientelism
Giving gifts to be a more appropriate and effective
strategy than outright payment.
In Taiwan, for instance, gift giving is generally expected of
house guests.
Gift giving as a matter of showing good manners.

Institutional Factors
Vote secrecy is respected which limit candidates individual
monitoring strategy
The choice of alternative strategies depends on
- sociological factors (stability of community, density
of social
networks),
- organizational factors (ability to recruit local
canvassers) and
- institutional factors (where ballot counting takes
place,
number of polling stations)
A change in institutions will not singularly determine what
new strategies candidates and their operatives will adopt.

Institutional Factors
Organization of a party or a candidates campaign
Tiresome to link systematically specific strategy
mixes and clusters of voter meaning to particular sets
of socioeconomic, institutional, and organizational
arrangements.

Philippine Star, July 1, 2002.

3.
Philippine Laws
against Vote Buying

Omnibus Election Code - Article XXII


Sec. 261.Prohibited Acts.
The following shall be guilty of an election offense:
a. Vote-buying and vote-selling.
1. Any person who gives, offers or promises money or anything of value, gives or
promises any office or employment, franchise or grant, public or private, or makes or
offers to make an expenditure, directly or indirectly, or cause an expenditure to be made
to any person, association, corporation, entity, or community in order to induce anyone
or the public in general to vote for or against any candidate or withhold his vote in the
election, or to vote for or against any aspirant for the nomination or choice of a
candidate in a convention or similar selection process of a political party.
2. Any person, association, corporation, group or community who solicits or receives,
directly or indirectly, any expenditure or promise of any office or employment, public or
private, for any of the foregoing considerations.

Comelec Resolution No. 9688 Money Ban


To facilitate the apprehension and prosecution of vote buyers and
sellers, any law enforcement officer or private person may, without a
warrant, arrest a person when, in his presence, the person to be
arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to
commit the election offense of vote buying and selling...
to cover only offenses directly connected with Article X of the
Omnibus Election Code on 'Campaign and Election Propaganda.

Comelec Resolution No. 9688 Money Ban


"An arrest is made by an actual restraint of a person to be
arrested, or by his submission to the custody of the person
making the arrest;
No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an
arrest; and
The person arrested shall not be subject to a greater restraint
than is necessary for his detention"

4.
Kinds of Voters

Accepts
money
from
candidate
X

Votes for
candiate
X

Rejects
money
from
politicians

Accepts
money
from
candidate
X

Votes for
the
candidate
of their
choice

Votes for
candidate
Y, as he is
more
deserving

5.
Conclusion

There is significant diversity both across and within locales in the


meanings attached to material offers. The market transaction may
provide an idealized model to the casual observer of what
transpires between giver and recipient, but in the real world it may
not be the modal practice at all. It is thus important to acknowledge
and investigate the underlying diversity since different practices of
offering can have very different consequences on, among other
things, voting behavior, the operation of democratic accountability,
and the effectiveness of reform efforts.

Recommendation
Authentic, effective and efficient implementation of the electoral
process has to be enforced at all levels of the bureaucracy.
Ultimately, voters education need to be undertaken since early
school age levels so that starting early in life, children would
know that vote buying is not, and should never be the norm in
deciding whom to choose during elections.

Saying NO to Vote Buying

Dignity

Integrity

Morality

pictures worth a thousand words

thanks!

Sources:
Clean Elections and the Great Unwashed by Frederic Charles
Schaffer
http://www.chanrobles.com/electioncodeofthephilippines.htm
http://faq.ph/is-vote-buying-illegal-in-the-philippines/

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