LEARNING and

MEMORY
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1

LEARNING
Any relatively permanent change in behavior,
affect and thoughts that can be due to
maturation, training, and experience.

LEARNING
TYPES OF LEARNING:
1.Insightful Learning
. aka., Perceptual Learning
. A type of learning that is acquired
spontaneously by an organism without any
help from the environment.
. An aha experience

LEARNING
TYPES OF LEARNING:
1.Insightful Learning
.aka., Perceptual Learning
.An aha experience
2.Conditioning
. aka., Associative Learning since the mind
connects events that occur in succession.

LEARNING
TYPES OF LEARNING:
2.Conditioning
a. Classical
-- by Ivan Pavlov
-- a neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned
response through repeated pairings
-- also illustrated as stimulus substitution,
since the unconditioned stimulus is
replaced with something new.

LEARNING
TYPES OF LEARNING:
2.Conditioning
b.Operant
-- by Burrhus Frederick (B. F.) Skinner
-- behavior is strengthened when reinforced
-- Law of Effect by Edward Thorndike
*Learned helplessness

LEARNING
TYPES OF LEARNING:
3.Observational
.aka., Social Learning Theory
.By Albert Bandura (1986)
.A person learns by watching and imitating
other people
.Vicarious Reinforcement/Punishment

LEARNING STYLES
A persons preferred ways of acquiring,
incorporating, and remembering information.
Kenneth and Rita Dunn (Tenedoro, 2008)
certain elements in the environment affects
ones capacity to learn.
5 strands:
1.Environmental
2.Emotional
3.Sociological
4.Physiological
5.Psychological

LEARNING STYLES
1.ENVIRONMENTAL
-- setting where a person learns best
. Sound
. Lighting
. Temperature
. Design

LEARNING STYLES
2.EMOTIONAL
-- points to what influences a person to learn
. Motivation
. Responsibility
. Persistence
. Structure

LEARNING STYLES
3.SOCIOLOGICAL
-- setting with whom we concentrate best
. Alone
. Pair or with a friend; peers
. Group or Team Learning Situation
. Expert/Authoritative Adult or with a
Colleague
. Variety

LEARNING STYLES
4.PHYSIOLOGICAL
-- when and how we physically engage in
learning
. Intake
. Time of day
. Mobility
. Perceptual mode
o.Visual
o.Auditory
o.Kinesthetic

LEARNING STYLES
5.PSYCHOLOGICAL
-- how learners generally process
information/ideas
. Analytical vs. Global
. Hemisphericity
. Impulsive vs. Reflective

MEMORY

1) toilet paper
6) a box of corn
flakes
2) tomatoes
7) lettuce
3) a loaf of bread
8) ice cream
4) apples
9) cat food
5) hamburger buns 10) spaghetti

MEMORY
An active system that encodes, stores, alters,
and retrieves information received from the
environment.
Stages:

MEMORY
Stages:
1.ENCODING
-- the process of getting information into
the brain
-- 4 neural codes:
a.Visual
b.Acoustic
c. Semantic
d.Tactile

MEMORY
Stages:
2.STORAGE
-- involves retaining information over time
and creating a permanent record of it.
3.RETRIEVAL
-- recollection of information

STRUCTURES of MEMORY
By Atkinson and Shriffin (1968)
1.Sensory Memory
-- data picked up by ones senses is
temporarily stored
-- fleeting sensory stimulus:
sights, sounds, smells, etc.

STRUCTURES of MEMORY
By Atkinson and Shriffin (1968)
2.Short-Term memory
-- where the mind actively connects the new
information with previously learned
information to be more meaningful.
-- aka., Working Memory
3.Long-Term Memory
-- relatively permanent storage of information
-- contains the totality of everything one has
learned

TYPES of MEMORY
1.Declarative Memory
-- information that are consciously accessible
-- who, what, where, when
-- aka., Explicit/Cognitive Memory
a.Episodic
b.Semantic

TYPES of MEMORY
2.Non-Declarative Memory
-- stored information that people do not
purposely remember motor learning,
habits, skills, and conditioning
-- aka., Implicit/Dispositional/Non-Conscious
Memory

THEORIES of FORGETTING
FORGETTING: refers to the apparent loss of
information that is already encoded and stored
in an individuals memory.
1.Retrieval Failure
-- temporary forgetting that occurs when
information is momentarily accessible.
-- Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
2.Interference Theory
-- when similar information inhibits or
obscures a memory
a.Retroactive Interference
b.Proactive Interference

THEORIES of FORGETTING
3.Decay
-- memory deteriorates with the passages of
time specially when an information is not
repeatedly used or recalled
-- aka., Theory of Disuse
4.Motivated Forgetting
-- consciously blocking memories that have
caused or have the potential to threaten,
harm, or embarrass a person.
a.Suppression
b.Repression

EFFECTIVE STUDYING
1.Know Oneself
2.Multi-Sensory Method
3.Neurological Basis
4.Meaningfulness
5.Active Learning
6.Depth of Processing Model (Craik &
Lockhart, 1972)
7.Teach Concept mapping
8.Memorize
9.Feedback

 THANK YOU!