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Lecture 8
Prof. Jiyuan Tu
Solution Errors--Causes
Garbage in!
Garbage out!
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DE-Truncation error
x 2
i 1 i
x x o 2 x 2
i
First order
Truncation error
x 2T
in 1 in
o
2
t
t
i
2 x
Local error
Global error
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ROEDigits
4444.6667
4444.666666
15 digitsDouble precision
A+C+B
4444.6666
A+C+B
Example
:
A simple arithmetic
operation performed
with a computer
in a single precision
using seven significant
digits
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No. of Computations
Accumulated ROE
EPMLaminar Flow
Turbulence Flow
Modeling
Major error
source in CFD
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Solution Integrity
Why is predictive reliability important ?
Is the computer (human, hardware) infallible?
What should we expect:
Testing Solution
Integrity
Expensive, time-consuming
Equivalent to Validation
Equivalent to Verification
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Computational Solution
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(Grid) Convergence
(Grid) Convergence
Iterative
convergence
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Comments -- Convergence
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Consistency
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Comments:
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Comments:
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Parameter
Value
Number of elements
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Equation Structure
u k
t
x k
x k
x k
(1)
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Comments:
So far have interpolated e f p ,E i.e. depends on local values
Now interpolate
assuming u is positive
e f W , p ,E and
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W f WW , W ,E
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e p xE E x p / x p x E
(1 ) p xW 2p W x p / xW x p
W
and equivalent formula for
Discretisation Scheme
1
0
3/4
2/3
Centered difference
3-pt upwind
QUICK (4 pt)
4-pt upwind
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(14)
/x (e W )//
and
Order (T.E.)
2
2
2
3
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In (14) evaluate
~ ,1
max 0, min
p
~ ( )/( )
where
p
p
W
E
W
(15)
0.75
(16)
otherwise
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Comments
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Unstructured Grid
Discretization
QUICK scheme
(for quad./hex. cells and seg~ated eqns.)
Higher-order construction of face values from SOU and
interpolation in mesh direction
More accurate for structured meshes that are mainly
flow aligned
n
c0
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c1
cf
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Linear reconstruction
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Linear Reconstruction
Comments:
uses more
information than
stencil-based
scheme
example:
diffusion terms
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Structured vs Unstructured
Accuracy:
Economy:
both can achieve 2nd 0rder accuracy for the convective terms
structured grids rely on truncation error reduction
unstructured grids rely on linear reconstruction
structured grids lead to fewer operations in the discretised equations
unstructured grids can cover a domain with fewer cells
Robustness:
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Problem definition
turbulent or laminar flow; steady or transient ?
is the physical model, eg granular multiphase, inaccurate ?
Boundary Conditions
is the upstream boundary too close to the body ?
Solution method
is a higher-order scheme required ?
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Guidelines Problem
Definition
Define clearly what the problem is
What do you want to find out?
What are the important parameters you need to input?
What will be the defining characteristics of the flow
(eg turbulent heat transfer ?)
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Guidelines Geometry
Symmetry?
Periodic Boundaries?
Parametric modelling
Easy transport of geometry specification files
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Grid Quality
AR = y/x
Comments:
Grid distortion:
Comments:
loss of accuracy
reduced rate of iterative convergence
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Guidelines Boundary
Conditions
Does your selection of boundary conditions match the real
world conditions ?
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GuidelinesSolution Convergence
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Run the solution first with default schemes, then switch to higher
order once converged
Do the boundary conditions suit the problem ?
Incorrect specification of nearby boundary conditions
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Conclusions
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