SMJK SEG HWA,2015

Form 4 Holiday Assignment

Tittle: Salts
Name: Lew Li Rong
Class: 4A/2015

8.1 Synthesising Salts

8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.5salts
8.1.6-

Usages of salts used in daily life

The meaning of salts
Classification of salts
Physical Properties of crystals
Preparation and purification of soluble
Preparation od insoluble salts

Usage Of Salts
Agriculture Field :
a. Used as inorganic pestisides to
destroy insect.

Medicinal Field :
Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate is used to
make plaster casts for supporting broken
bones.

b. Most of the synthetic fertilisers are

salts.
Example: Ammonium Sulphate,
Ammonium Phosphate

Food Industries

Chemical Indsutries

a. Sodium Chloride is used as a flavouring

to give a salty taste to food.

Example: Sodium Hypochlorite,

NaOCl
Tin(II) Fluorite, SnF4
Silver Bromide, AgBr

b. Monosodium glutamate is used as food

flavouring to give a very nice and sweet
taste to the food.
c. Sodium Chloride can also used to
preserved food.

What is SALTS?
A salt is an ionic compound.
The anion part comes from the acid while the cation
part comes from a base.
A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion,H+
from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an
ammonium ion, NH4 + .
Example: KCl, KOH(aq) + HCl(aq)

KCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Salts

Soluble And
Insoluble Salts
Soluble

Insoluble

Nitrate Salts

Ethanoate Salts

Chloride Salts

Sulphate Salts

Carbonate Salts

Sodium carbonate,
Na2CO3
Potassium
carbonate, K2CO3
Ammonium

Silver chloride,
AgCl
Lead(II) chloride,
PbCl2
Lead(II) sulpahte,
PbSO4
Calcium sulphate,
CaSO4
Barium sulphate,
BaSO4

Physical Properties of Crystals

Fixed geometrical
shapes

Flat surface, straight

edges and sharp angles

Fixed angles between

two adjacent surface

Same substance have same

shapes but different sizes

Method of preparing a salt

,K
a
N
r
Fo
+
NH 4
+

and

Method 1 :
Neutralisation
using titration

Soluble
Salt

Insoluble
Salt

Method 2 :
Reaction
Double
Decomposition/
Precipication Reaction

Preparation of Soluble salts

Neutralisatio
n using
titration

reaction

Method 1:
Titration
(Acid+Alkali)

Salt
Solution

Method 2:
Reaction
(Acid+Metal)

Method 1:
Titration

Remark: Repeat the titration without using indicator

Method 2:
Reaction

1. A solution is placed in an evaporating

basin and heated with a Bunsen burner.
2. The amount of the solution has reduced
through evaporation
3. The solution has evaporated, leaving a
crystallised solute

Preparation of Insoluble salt

An insoluble salts is prepared through precipitation reaction.
Aqueous solutions containing the ions of the insoluble salt are
mixed together to from the salt.
Insoluble salts can prepared by double decomposition
reaction through precipitation.
The insoluble salt is formed as a precipitate and can be
obtained by filtration.
Example: BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Precipitation / Double decomposition

Reaction

Purification of Insoluble
Salts
1

1. The solid (insoluble salts) and liquid (water)

are mixed together.
2.The solid and liquid mixture is poured into the
filter funnel.
3. The liquid can drip through the filter paper into
the beaker below, leaving the solids behind

8.2 Qualitative Analysis Of Salts

8.2.18.2.28.2.38.2.48.2.5-

Gas confirmatory test

Effect of heat on salts
Qualitative analysis of anions
Qualitative analysis of cations
Specific confirmatory test

Qualitative Analysis Steps

1) Observation physical
properties of salts
2) Action of heat on salts
3) Test for cations and
anions present
4) Confirmatory tests for
cations and anions

How to identify cation and anion

in salt?
i. Colour and solubility of the salts
ii. Gas test
iii. Effect of heat on salt
iv. Confirmatory test for anions
v. Confirmatory test for cations

8.2.1- Gas confirmatory test

Gas
Oxygen Gas
(O2)
Hydrogen Gas
(H2)

Colour
Colourless
Colourless

Ammonia Gas
(NH3)
Colourless

Hrdrogen
Chloride (HCl)

Colourless

Smell

Confirmatory Test

Odourless

Lights up a glowing
wooden splinter

Odourless

Produce a *pop*sound with

a lighted wooden splinter

Pungent
smell

Pungent
smell

a) Turns moist red litmus

paper blue
b) Produces thick white
fumes with hydrogen
chloride, HCl gas
a) Turns moist blue litmus
paper red
b)Produces thick white
fumes
with ammonia, NH3 gas

8.2.2heat
on salts
(a)Effects
of Effect
heatofon
carbonate
salts
Carbonate Salts

Action of Heat

Not decomposed by heat.

Potassium
carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Decompose on heating to produce carbon dioxide gas and metal oxide
Calcium
carbonate
Magnesium
carbonate
Aluminium
carbonate
Zinc carbonate
Iron (III) carbonate
Lead (II)
carbonate
Copper (II)
carbonate

Mercury (II)

Decompose to metal, carbon dioxide gas and oxygen gas.

8.2.2- Effect of heat on salts

(a)Effects of heat on Nitrate salts
Nitrate Salt

Action of Heat

Calcium nitrate
Magnesium
nitrate
Aluminium
nitrate
Zinc nitrate
Iron (III) nitrate
Lead (II) nitrate
Copper (II)
nitrate
Ammonium
nitrate
Potassium
nitrate
Sodium nitrate

Decompose to produce oxygen gas, nitrogen dioxide

gas and metal oxide.

Decompose to produce nitrous oxide gas and water.

Decompose to produce oxygen gas and metal nitrite.

Anion

Test

1. Carbonate ion,

- Pour 3 cm3 of aqueous carbonate solution into a test tube

CO3

- Add 2 cm3 hydrochloric acid, HCl

- Bubble the gas produced through limewater
- Lime water turned milky.

2. Sulphate ion,

- Pour 2 cm3 of aqueous sulphate solution into test tube

SO4

- Add 2 cm3 hydrochloric acid, HCl

- Add 2 cm3 of barium chloride solution, BaCl2.
- A white precipitate is formed with barium chloride solution

3. Chloride ion, Cl

- Pour about 2 cm3 of aqueous chloride solution into test tube

Qualitative analysis of anions

- Add 2 cm3 nitric acid, HNO3

- Add 2 cm3 of silver nitrate solution, AgNO3.

- A white precipitate is formed with silver nitrate solution
4. Nitrate ion, NO3

- Pour about 2 cm3 of aqueous nitrate solution into test tube

- Add 2 cm3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
- Add 2 cm3 of iron (II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution. Shake to mix well.
- Slant the test tube and add slowly concentrated sulphuric acid, H 2SO4
down the side of the test tube. Do not shake the test tube.

8.2.4 - Qualitative analysis of cations

Cation
1. Sodium, Na+

In Sodium Hydroxide, NAOH

In Ammonia Solution, NH3

No Change

No Change

2. Ammonium, NH4

3. Calcium, Ca2+

White Solid

Insoluble

4. Magnesium, Mg2+
5. Aluminium, Al3+

White Solid

Colourless

8. Iron(II), Fe2+

Green Solid

Insoluble

9. Iron(III), Fe3+2+
10. Copper(II), Cu

Brown Solid
Blue Solid

No Change
White Solid

Insoluble

Green Solid

Insoluble

Brown Solid
Blue Solid

Dark Blue

6. Lead, Pb2+
7. Zinc, Zn2+

8.2.5 - Specific confirmatory

test
(a) Test For Pb
2+

Reagent

Observation

Add potassium iodide solution, KI

Yellow precipitate in hot and cold

water.

Add potassium chloride solution, KCl

White precipitate in cold water.

Form colourless solution when
dissolve in hot water.

Add potassium sulphate solution,

K2SO4

White precipitate in cold and hot

water because it is insoluble.

(b) Test For Fe2+ and

Fe3+
Reagent

Fe2+

Fe3+

Potassium Hexacynofemate(II)
Solution, K4Fe(CN)6

Light Blue

Dark Blue

Potassium Hexacynofemate(III)
Solution, Add K3Fe(CN)6

Dark Blue

Light Blue

Potassium Thiocynate Solution,

KSCN

Pale Red/ Pink

Blood Red

(c) Test For NH3

Reagent

Observation

Alkaline

Pungent smell which turns moist red

litmus paper blue is released.

Nesclers reagent

Brown precipitate is formesed.