REFRACTION ERROR

LEO RINALDI

KEY
Introduction of Refraction
Media of Refraction
Refraction Procces
Refraksi Error
Miopi
Hipermetropi
Presbiopi
Astigmatism

REFRACTION
Sinar/cahaya adalah suatu bentuk radiasi
elektromagnetik yang terdiri dari paket-paket energi
mirip partikel yang dinamai foton yang berjalan dalam
bentuk gelombang.
Berbeloknya berkas sinar dikenal sebagai refraksi
(pembiasan)..
Cahaya yang tampak is a sevagian kecil of the
electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength
range between 400 and 700 nm.

REFRACTING

The eye is an optical instrument.

The correct interpretation of visual information
depends on the eye's ability to focus incoming rays of
light on the retina.

REFRACTIVE MEDIA

The two structures most important in the eyes

refractive ability are the cornea and the lens.
The cornea and lens refract light rays from
distant objects so the image is focused on the
retina

PROCESS OF REFRACTION

ACOMODATION

HOW IT WORKS...
When

we view nearby objectsthe ciliary

muscles contractreduce the tension on the
zonular fibers of the suspensory ligamentthe
lens becomes more rounded and convex the
lens shortens its focal lengthmore refraction
When we see distant objects, the ciliary muscles
are relaxed the lens is relatively flat a little
refractionfocal length is at its greatest.
The process of changing the shape of the lens
and hence adjusting its focal length is called
accommodation.

NEAR AND FAR POINT

is a limit on how the eye can focus.
An object closer to the eye than a certain
point called near point appears blurry. For
young people, it is about 25 cm. It increases
with age, and can be about 40 cm for people of
age 40. It becomes about 500 cm in later years.
The far point is the greatest distance from
the eye an object can be and still remains
on focus. As we see stars, the normal far
point is infinity.
There

REFRACTION ERROR (AMETROPIA)

A mismatch between the axial length of the eye

and the refractive power of the lens and cornea
Ametropia axial (common)
Ametropia refractive (less frequent)

1. MYOPIA
A mismatch between the refractive power and
axial length of the eye so an image converges
in front of retina
Myopic persons can see close objects clearly, but
not distant objects.
Type:

Miopia

axial
Miopia refractive

WHAT DO THEY SEE?

MYOPIA

Degree :
Low

myopia (<3.00 D)
Medium myopia (3.00 D-6.00 D)
High myopia (>6.00 D)

MYOPIA AND ITS CORRECTION

2. HYPEROPIA

A mismatch between the refractive power and

axial length of the eye so an image converges
behind the retina.

Types:

Axial

hyperopia
Refractive hyperopia

WHAT DO THEY SEE?

Farsightedness Vision

Normal Vision

HYPEROPIA

Degree
Low

hyperopia consists of an error of +2.00 diopters

(D) or less.
Moderate hyperopia includes a range of error from
+2.25 to +5.00 D.
High hyperopia consists of an error over +5.00 D.

HYPEROPIA AND ITS CORRECTION

3. PRESBYIOPI
Presbyopia inability of the eye to focus
(accommodate) due to hardening of the
crystalline lens with age.
When the eye can no longer accommodate at the
reading distance, positive spectacle lenses of
about 23 D are prescribed to correct the
difficulty.

PRESBYOPI
Once a person has a presbyopia, each eye
remains focused permanently at an almost
constant distance which be differentof each
persons eyes.
The eyes can no longer accommodate for both
near and far vision.

CORRECTION OF PRESBYOPI
AGE

Lensa (D)

40

+1

45

+1,5

50

+2

55

+2,5

60

+3

4. ASTIGMATISM

In astigmatism the curvature of the cornea is

uneven, so light rays are unequally refracted. The
refractive ability of a persons cornea remains
constant, because the curvature of the cornea
never changes.

CLASIFICATTION AND CAUSE

According to the etiology:
External astigmatism
Internal astigmatism
According to the location of the meridian of greater
refraction:
With-the-rule astigmatism (most common
form)
Against-the-rule astigmatism
Oblique astigmatism
According to the meridian involved:
Regular astigmatism
Irregular astigmatism

WHAT DO THEY SEE?

Astigmatic errors can be corrected with

cylindrical lenses, frequently in combination with
spherical lenses. Because the brain is capable of
adapting to the visual distortion of an
uncorrected astigmatic error, new glasses that do
correct the error may cause temporary
disorientation, particularly an apparent slanting
of images.

OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW

TERIMA KASIH

REFERENCES
Sherwood, Lauralee, 2010, Human Physiology:
From Cells to Systems, Seventh Edition,
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Singapore, 197202
Paul Riordan-Eva and John P. Whitcher, 2007,
Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology,
17th Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Ch.
20
Myron Yannof & Jay S. Duker, 2008,
Opthalmology, Third Edition, El-Sevier, Ch. 21