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Uncompressed video (and audio) data are huge. In HDTV, the bit rate easily exceeds 1 Gbps. -- big
problems for storage and network communications.
For example:One of the formats defined for HDTV broadcasting within the United States is 1920
pixels horizontally by 1080 lines vertically, at 30 frames per second.
If these numbers are all multiplied together, along with 8 bits for each of the three primary colors,
the total data rate required would be approximately 1.5 Gb/sec.
Because of the 6 MHz channel bandwidth allocated, each channel will only support a data rate of
19.2 Mb/sec, which is further reduced to 18 Mb/sec by the fact that the channel must also support
audio, transport, and ancillary data information.
As can be seen, this restriction in data rate means that the original signal must be compressed by a
figure of approximately 83:1. This number seems all the more impressive when it is realized that the
intent is to deliver very high quality video to the end user, with as few visible artifacts as possible.
MPEG
MPEG stands for MovingPictureExpertsGroup, and pronounced
m-peg, is a working group of the ISO. MPEG is a working
group of authorities that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards
for audio and video compression and transmission. It was established
in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda and Leonardo Chiariglione.
The term also refers to the family of digital video compression
standards and file formats developed by the group. MPEG generally
produces better-quality video than competing formats, such as Video
for Windows, Indeo and QuickTime. MPEG files previously on PCs
needed hardware decoders (codecs) for MPEG processing. Today,
however, PCs can use software-only codecs including products from
Real Networks, QuickTime or Windows Media Player.
Evolution Of MPEG
MPEG-2: Offers resolutions of 720x480 and 1280x720 at 60 fps, with full CDquality audio. This is sufficient for all the major TV standards, including NTSC, and
even HDTV. MPEG-2 is used by DVD-ROMs. MPEG-2 can compress a 2 hour video
into a few gigabytes. While decompressing an MPEG-2 data stream requires only
modest computing power, encoding video in MPEG-2 format requires significantly
more processing power.
MPEG-3: Was designed for HDTV but was abandoned in place of using MPEG-2 for
HDTV.
Definitions
Bitrate
Resolution
Lossy Compression
Loosy Codecs
MPEG Compression
Intraframe Compression
Within a single frame, areas of similar color and texture can be coded with
fewer bits than the original, thus reducing the data rate with minimal loss
in noticeable visual quality.
Interframe Compression
Working Of MPEG
MPEG
Types Of Frames
I frame (intra-coded)
P frame (predictive-coded)
Group Of Pictures
I picture orI frame(intra coded picture) a picture that is coded independently of all other
pictures. Each GOP begins (in decoding order) with this type of picture.
Working Of GOP
An I frame indicates the beginning of a
GOP. Afterwards several P and B frames
follow. In older designs, the allowed
ordering and referencing structure is
relatively constrained.
The I frames contain the full image and do
not require any additional information to
reconstruct it. Typically, encoders use GOP
structures that cause each I frame to be a
"clean random access point", such that
any errors within the GOP structure are
corrected by the next I frame.
Generally, the more I frames the video
stream has, the more editable it is.
However, having more I frames
substantially increases bit rate needed to
code the video.
GOP Pattern
GOP Length
Longer GOP lengths encode video more efficiently by reducing the number of Iframes but are less desirable during short-duration effects such as fast transitions
or quick camera pans. MPEG video may be classified aslong-GOPorshort-GOP.
The termlong-GOPrefers to the fact that several P- and B-frames are used
between I-frame intervals. At the other end of the spectrum, short-GOP MPEG is
synonymous with I-frameonly MPEG. Formats such as IMX use I-frameonly
MPEG-2, which reduces temporal artifacts and improves editing performance.
However, I-frameonly formats have a significantly higher data rate because
each frame must store enough data to be completely self-contained. Therefore,
although the decoding demands on your computer are decreased, there is a
greater demand for scratch disk speed and capacity.
Maximum GOP length depends on the specifications of the playback device. The
minimum GOP length depends on the GOP pattern. For example, an IP pattern
can have a length as short as two frames.
Motion Vector
Prediction
Only
Evaluate
Cant
If
If
Dont
Predictive
DCT Formula :
MPEG-1
MPEG-1 is the earliest format specification in the family of MPEG formats. Because of its
low bit rate, MPEG-1 has been popular for online distribution and in formats such as Video
CD (VCD). DVDs can also store MPEG-1 video, though MPEG-2 is more commonly used.
Although the MPEG-1 standard actually allows high resolutions, almost all applications use
NTSC- or PAL-compatible image dimensions at quarter resolution or lower.
MPEG-1 elementary stream files often have extensions such as .m1v and .m1a, for video
and audio, respectively.
MPEG-2
The MPEG-2 standard made many improvements to the MPEG-1 standard,
including:
Higher data rates and larger frame sizes, including internationally accepted
standard definition and high definition profiles
MPEG-4
Advantages
Disadvantages