KINETIKA KIMIA

BAMBANG WIDIONO

KINETIKA KIMIA ? "how fast do reactions

go?"
Untuk apa ? ( manfaat )
Matakuliah terkait ? ( matematika,
stoikiometri, )

What is Chemical Reaction Engineering

(CRE) ?
Understanding how chemical reactors work lies at the heart of
almost every chemical processing operation.
Raw
material

Separation
Process

Chemical
process

Separation
Process

Products
By products

Design of the reactor is no routine matter, and many alternatives can

be proposed for a process. Reactor design uses information,
knowledge and experience from a variety of areas thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, heat and mass
transfer, and economics.
CRE is the synthesis of all these factors with the aim of properly
designing and understanding the chemical reactor.

Typical Chemical Process

Unit Operations

Raw
materials

Physical
treatment
steps
pre-treatment

Chemical
treatment
steps

Physical
treatment
steps
separations
purifications

REACTION ENGINEERING

Products

Book
O.Levenspiel: Chemical Reaction
Engineering
S.Fogler: Elements of Chemical
Reaction Engineering
J M Smith : Chemical Engineering
Kinetics
Stanley M Walas : Chemical Reaction
Engineering Handbook

persamaan reaksi tidak dapat

menjawab 3 isu penting
1. Seberapa cepat reaksi berlangsung
2. Bagaimana konsentrasi reaktan dan produk
saat reaksi selesai
3. Apakah reaksi berjalan dengan sendirinya
dan melepaskan energi, ataukah ia
memerlukan energi untuk bereaksi?

Kinetika kimia
Studi tentang kecepatan reaksi kimia dan
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya serta
mekanisme reaksi

Classification of Reactions
Many ways of classification
Most useful - according to number & types of phases
Homogeneous: reaction takes place in 1 phase
Heterogeneous: reaction REQUIRES at least 2 phases
Phase = uniform P,T, Composition

According to the use / not use of catalyst

Noncatalytic
Catalytic

Classification of Reactions
Noncatalytic

Catalytic

Most gas-phase reactions

Most liquid-phase rxs

Fast reactions such as

burning of a flame

Rxs in colloidal systems

Homogeneous

Enzyme and microbial rxs

Burning of coal

Ammonia synthesis

Attack of solids by acids

Oxidation of ammonia
produce to nitric acid

Heterogeneous

Gas-liquid absorption
with reaction

Mengekspresikan Laju Reaksi

Perubahan posisi x2 x1 x
Laju Gerak

Perubahan waktu t 2 t1
t
Laju reaksi

Perubahan konsentrasi A

Perubahan waktu
Konst A 2 Konst A1
( Konst A)

t 2 t1
t

A B
Laju

t
t

How can reaction rate be

expressed ?
Select one reaction component for
consideration and define the rate in terms
of this component, i.
If the rate of change in number of moles of
this component due to reaction is dNi/dt,
then the rate of reaction in its various
forms is defined as follows:

Reaction Rate Definition

the rate at which a species looses its chemical identity per unit volume
For fluid systems - based on unit volume of fluid / unit volume of reactor

ri

1 dN i
moles i formed

V dt
(volume of fluid) (time)

ri

1 dN i
moles i formed

Vr dt
(volume of reactor) (time)

For gas-solid systems - based on unit volume of solid

ri''

1 dN i
moles i formed

VS dt
(volume of solid) (time)

Reaction Rate Definition

For 2 fluid systems / gas-solid system - based on unit interfacial surface

ri S

1 dN i moles i formed

S dt
(surface) (time)

For fluid-solid systems - based on unit mass of solid

ri w

1 dN i
moles i formed

W dt
(mass of solid) (time)

riV Wri w Sri S VS ri'' Vr ri '

Speed of Chemical Reactions

human
at rest
10-4

10

cellular rxs.
water
treatment plants

-3

10-2

working
hard

ri''

0.1

10

gases in porous
catalyst particles

molesofidisappearing
(m 3 ofthing)(s)

104

rocket
engines

Reaction Rate example 1

The rocket engine:
burning a stoichiometric mixture of fuel (lq. hydrogen & oxygen)
Cylindrical combustion chamber: L=75cm, D=60cm
Produces 108 kg/s exhaust gases

Reaction rate of
hydrogen and oxygen?

Reaction rate example 1

rH 2

1 dN O2
rO2
V dt

108

D 2
(0.6) 2
V
L
(0.75) 0.2121 m 3
4
4

1 dN H 2

V dt
?

1
H 2 O2 H 2O
2

kg
108 (kg / s )
H 2O
6 kmol / s
s
18 (kg / kmol )

rH 2

1 6 kmol
moles
2.8 10 4 3
0.2121 s
m s

rO2

H 2 used : 6

kmol
s

O2 used : 3

kmol
s

1 3 kmol
moles
1.41 10 4 3
0.2121 s
m s

Relationship between rates of

reaction example 2
The reaction carried out in a reactor:

2 A 3B 5C

If at a particular point, the rate of disappearance of A is 10 mol/dm3/s, what

are the rates of B and C?

rA rB rC

2
3
5

rB 3

rA
10 mol
mol
3

15
2
2 dm 3 s
dm 3 s

rC 5

rA
10 mol
mol
5

25
2
2 dm 3 s
dm 3 s

Kecepatan reaksi

Kecepatan reaksi diekspresikan :

rate=change in substance/time for change to occur (usually in M/s)

To increase the rate :
increasing the surface area (of solids)-this allows for more collisions and gives
more molecules the right geometry

increasing the temperature-this gives more molecules the right energy (also
called the activation energy, Ea)

increasing the concentration (of gases and solutions)-this allows for more
collisions and more correct geometry
using a catalyst-helps molecules achieve the correct geometry by providing a
different way to react

The physical state (solid, liquid or gas) of a reactant

Nature of reactants - Na is more reactive than Ca (it more easily loses its outer
electron)

Luas Permukaan Sentuhan

Suatu reaksi mungkin banyak melibatkan
pereaksi dalam bentuk padatan
Mengapa kepingan yang lebih halus bereaksi
lebih cepat? Pada campuran pereaksi yang
heterogen, reaksi hanya terjadi pada bidang
batas campuran yang selanjutnya kita sebut
bidang sentuh. Oleh karena itu, makin luas
bidang sentuh makin cepat bereaksi. Jadi makin
halus ukuran kepingan zat padat makin luas
permukaannya.
Artinya makin kecil ukuran, makin luas
permukaannya, makin banyak tumbukan, makin
cepat terjadinya reaksi

The effect of increasing temperature

When the temperature is raised the added 'heat energy'

shows itself in the form of increased particle kinetic energy.
In the graph above, two distribution curves are shown for a
lower/higher temperatures, T1/T2, and it is assumed that the
area under the whole curve is the same for both
temperatures i.e. the same number/population of molecules.

Comparing lower temperature T1 with higher temperature T2, you can see that as
the temperature increases, the peak for the most probable KE is reduced, and more
significantly with the rest of the KE distribution, moves to the right to higher values so
more particles have the highest KE values.

Now, if we consider an activation energy Ea, the minimum KE the particles must have
to react via e.g. bond breaking, the fraction of the population able to react at T1 is
given by the blue area.

However, at the higher temperature T2, the fraction with enough KE to react is given by
the combined blue area plus the red area.

Therefore, because of the shift in the distribution at the higher temperature T2, a
greater fraction of particles has the minimum KE to react and hence a greater chance
of a fruitful collision happening i.e. reactant molecule bonds breaking en route to
product formation.

In the diagram, for the sake of argument, a temperature rise from T1 to T2 results in
the fraction of particles with a KE of >=Ea being doubled (area blue==>blue+red).

For reactions with an activation energy in the range 50-100 kJmol-1 (i.e. most
reactions), this results in an approximately doubling of the reaction rate for every 10o
rise in temperature i.e. where T2 = T1 + 10, because if you double the number of
particles of KE >= Ea, you therefore double the chance of a fruitful collision and hence
double the rate of reaction.

The effect of a catalyst

A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it must be

involved 'chemically', however temporarily, in
some way, and is continually changed and
reformed as the reaction proceeds.

Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower

activation energy, e.g. it can assist in endothermic bond breaking
processes

If you consider the KE distribution curve above, at a fixed

temperature, the green area shows the molecules which have
sufficient KE to react and overcome the activation energy Ea1 for
the un-catalysed reaction.

However, in the presence of a catalyst, the lower activation energy

Ea2, allows a much greater proportion of the molecules to have
enough energy to react at the same temperature.

This is shown by the combined green area plus the purple area
and this increased fraction of molecules (increased area)
considerably increases the chance of a 'fruitful' collision leading to
product formation, so speeding up of the reaction.

Catalysis
Catalyst: a substance that increases the
rate of a reaction and can be recovered
chemically unchanged at the end of the
reaction.
A catalyst
Lower the activation energy

Katalis dapat bekerja dengan membentuk

senyawa antara atau mengabsorpsi zat
yang direaksikan.

Activation energies of catalysed

reactions
Reaction

2 HI H 2 I 2

2 NH 3 N 2 3H 2

Catalyst

Ea / kJmol-1

None

184

Au

105

Pt

109

None

350
162

kONSENTRASI
Bila konsentrasi pereaksi diperbesar
dalam suatu reaksi, berarti kerapatannya
bertambah dan akan memperbanyak
kemungkinan tabrakan sehingga akan
mempercepat laju reaksi.
Bila partikel makin banyak, akibatnya lebih
banyak kemungkinan partikel saling
bertumbukan yang terjadi dalam suatu
larutan, sehingga reaksi bertambah cepat.

MEKANISME REAKSI
serangkaian reaksi tahap demi tahap yang
terjadi berturut-turut selama proses
perubahan reaktan menjadi produk.

 Setiap tahap mekanisme reaksi diatas,

mempunyai laju tertentu. Tahap yang
paling lambat disebut tahap penentu laju
reaksi, karen tahap ini merupakan
penghalang untuk laju reaksi secara
keseluruhan.

The Rate Equation / Stoichiometry

aA bB cC dD
rA

1 dN A
V dt

1 dN
r

V dt
C

Relationship
between rates of
reaction

rate of disappearance of A

rate of appearance of C

rA rB rC rD

a
b
c
d

Reaction Rates and Reaction

Stoichiometry
Look at the reaction
O3(g) + NO(g) NO2(g) + O2(g)

d O 3
d[NO]
d[ NO2 ]
d[ O 2 ]
rate= ==+
=+
dt
dt
dt
dt

Another Example
2 NOCl (g) 2 NO + 1 Cl2 (g)

1 d NOCl
1 d[NO]
d[Cl2 ]
rate= =
=+
2
dt
2 dt
dt
WHY? 2 moles of NOCl
disappear for every 1 mole Cl2
formed.

Conc. / Temp. dependency terms

r f (conc., temp.)

rA [k (T )][ f (C A , C B ,...)]
Reaction rate
(constant)

Concentration
dependent terms

Persamaan umum:
aA + bB + ... ----> gG + hH + .....
the reaction rate can be calculated by:
Reaction rate = k[A]m[B]n ....
Dengan:
[A], [B], etc. are the concentrations of the reactants
k is the rate constant or rate coefficient, a value
dependent on temperature. units of k=
units of rate/(units of concentration) reaction order
m,n, etc. are exponents which correspond to a, b, etc.
The concentration is raised to the power of its coefficient
in the balanced equation.

Rate constant (k)

rA k[ f (C A , C B ,...)]
Dimensions vary with order of reaction (n):

(time) 1 (concentration)1 n
CA

-rA

Reaction order

Rate law

rA k

k
(mol/m3)/s

(mol/m3)

(mol/m3.s)

zero

(mol/m3)

(mol/m3.s)

1st

rA kC A

1/s

(mol/m3)

(mol/m3.s)

2nd

rA kC A2

(m3/mol)/s

Arrhenius' Equation
k=Ae-Ea/RT
Where:
A is a constant related to the geometry
needed
e is a constant, approximately 2.7281
Ea is the activation energy
R is the gas law constant, 8.314 J/mol-K
T is the temperature in kelvins

Temperature, Rates & the

Arrhenius Equation
One can calculate the rate constant for a reaction using the
Arrhenius equation:

k Ae

Ea / RT

A is a constant representing the fraction of collisions between

molecules having the correct orientation to react when the
reactants have a concentration of 1 M. It is generally not known.
But A can be factored out if one ratios the equation at two
temperatures. One typically uses this modified Arrhenius
equation to either calculate Ea values from rate constants
derived from experiments at different temperatures, or a rate
constant at a different temperature if one has already
determined Ea.

E a 1
k 2
1
ln

R T 1 T 2
k1

Ea

k2
R ln
k1
1
1

T 1 T 2

Problem:
How much will the rate increase if a rxn
has a Ea = 70kJ and the temperature
increases from 300K to 400K?
A reaction has k = 1.6 10-5 s-1 at
600 K. When the temperature is
increased to 700 K the new measured k
= 6.36 10-3 s-1. Calculate the Ea value
for this reaction.

Concentration-dependent term
rA k[ f (C A , C B ,...)]
Almost without exception determined by experimental observation!!!
Most common expression:

rA kC C ....C
Order of reaction:

order in A

order in B
n ... overall order

Elementary / Non-elementary
Reactions
A B C D

stoichiometric coeff:

a b c d 1

Elementary reactions iff stoichiometric coefficients are the same as the

individual reaction order of each species

rA kC AC B

Non-elementary reactions stoichiometry does not match the kinetics

rA kC A2 C B

2
1

Common types of rate laws:

1. First Order Reactions
In a first order reaction the rate is proportional to the concentration
of one of the reactants. That is,
v = rate = k[B],
(1)
where B is a reactant. If we have a reaction which is known to be
first order in B, such as
B + other reactants products,
we would write the rate law as,
v = rate = k[B],
(2)
The constant, k, in this rate equation is the first order rate constant.
2. Second Order Reactions
In a second order reaction the rate is proportional to concentration
squared. For example, possible second order rate laws might be
written as
Rate = k[B]2
(3)
or as
Rate = k[A][B].
(4)

First Order Reaction

A product
Rate = v = - d[A]/dt = k[A]
How does the concentration of the
reactant depend on time?

A
kt
ln
Ao
k has units of s-1

CA
e kt
C A0

Jadi persamaan hubungan konsentrasi A

dengan waktu :
C A C A0 e kt

Atau bisa dinyatakan hubungan antara

konversi dengan waktu :
C A0 (1 X A ) C A0e kt

X A 1 e kt

Contoh soal :
Suatu larutan A dengan konsentrasi 0,5 gmol/L
dalam reactor batch dengan volume larutan 2,5
L bereaksi membentuk B dengan persamaan
reaksi
A
B, reaksi merupakan reaksi order 1
dengan kecepatan reaksi rA= kCA, dengan nilai
k=0,01 1/menit berapa konsentrasi A, konversi A
serta konsentrasi B,C maupun D setelah 3 menit
:

Penyelesaian :
Dengan penjabaran neraca massa A seperti di
atas dipeoleh persamaan :
C A C A0 e kt
( 0 , 01

gmol
e
L
C A 0,485 gmol / L
C A 0,5

1
)( 3 menit )
menit

X A 1 e kt

( 0 , 01

X A 1 e

1
)( 3 menit )
menit

XA = 0,029

CB = CB0 - CA0X = 0 + 0,5(0,029 ) = 0,0145 gmol/L

TUGAS 1
Suatu larutan A dengan konsentrasi 10
gmol/L dalam reactor batch dengan
volume larutan 2,5 L bereaksi membentuk
B dengan persamaan reaksi A
3B,
reaksi merupakan reaksi order 1 dengan
kecepatan reaksi rA= kCA, dengan nilai
k=0,02 1/menit berapa konsentrasi A,
konversi A serta konsentrasi B,C maupun
D setelah 3 menit

The Half-life of a First Order

Reaction
For a first order reaction, the half-life t1/2
is calculated as follows.

t1 / 2

0.693

Kinetika Orde dua; bentuk

integrasi
Kinetika Orde 2
2A produk

Hukum laju: dA/dt = k[A]2

A

dA
A [ A]2 0 kdt
0

1
1

kt
[ A] [ A]0

1
1

kt
[ A] [ A0 ]

Half-life for This Second Order

Reaction.
[A] at t = t = [A]0
1
1
=
+ kt 1 / 2
[A]0 /2 [A]o
1
or t 1 / 2 =
k [A]0

EXAMPLE: Given the following experimental kinetic data, determine the kinetic
rate expression and overall order of reaction.
2HgCl2 + C2O42- ------ Hg2Cl2 + 2CO2 + 2Cl-

Exp # [HgCl2]

[C2O42-]

Initial Rate

1
2
3

0.15 M
0.30 M
0.30 M

2 x 10-5
8 x 10-5
4 x 10-5

0.10 M
0.10 M
0.05 M

Our tentative rate expression for this reaction is:

rate = k[HgCl2]x[C2O42-]y

We need to determine what the exponents (orders) x and y are on the reactant
concentrations. Then we can solve for the rate constant k.
Step #1: find two experiments where the concentration of one of the reactants
stays the same. Since the rate constant k is a constant and the concentration
of one of the components is not changing (also a constant for this comparison),
we only have to worry about the one reactant that is changing.

We can then set up the following proportionality:

y
y
[
A
]
[
A
]
R a te (e x p # 2 )
exp#2
exp#2
=
y =
[A e x p # 1 ]
[A e x p # 1 ]
R a te (e x p # 1 )
8 x 10

-5

0 .3 0

2 x 1 0 -5

0 .1 5

4 = (2 )
I f y o u c a n t s o lv e th is b y in s p e c t io n , th e n
ta k e th e lo g o f e a c h s id e o f th e e q u a tio n :
lo g (4 ) = y lo g (2 )
R e a r r a n g e a n d s o lv e fo r y :
y =

lo g (4 )
lo g (2 )

0 .6 0 2
0 .3 0 1

= 2

Step #2: Repeat for the other reactant

concentration terms in the rate equation:

R a te (e x p # 2 )
R a te (e x p # 3 )
8 x 10

-5

4 x 10

-5

2 =

x
(2 )

=
0 .1 0
0 .0 5
x = 1

x
[A e x p # 2 ]
[A e x p # 3 ]
x

Now that we have solved for the orders of the

kinetic rate expression, we can write out the
rate equation:
rate = k[HgCl2][C2O42-]2
The overall order of the rate expression is the
sum of the individual orders (x + y): 1 + 2 = 3.
So this is called a third order rxn or rate law.
Note that the orders DO NOT correspond to the
coefficients on the chemical equation. Many
times they do, but just as many times they
wont. There is NO FORMAL CONNECTION!!

Step # 3: Calculate the rate constant (if asked for). We

now just plug in the experimental data from any one of
the experiments and rearrange and solve for k, the rate
constant. For this example we will use the data from
experiment # 1.
ra te = k [H g C l ] [C O 2 - ] 2
2

k =
k =

k =

ra te
[H g C l2 ] [C 2 O 4 2 - ] 2
2 x 1 0 -5 M s e c -1
(0 .1 0 M ) (0 .1 5 M ) 2
2 x 1 0 -5 M s e c -1
2 .2 5 x 1 0 -3 M 3

k = 8 .8 8 x 1 0 -3 M -2 s e c -1

Problem: Consider the following reaction and

kinetic data. What is the kinetic rate
expression?

Ni(CO)4 + CNCH3

Ni(CO)3(CNCH3) + CO

Exp # [Ni(CO)4] [CNCH3] Initial Rate

(Msec-1)
1

0.04

0.06

0.2 x 10-5

0.04

0.12

0.2 x 10-5

0.08

0.06

0.4 x 10-5

0.08

0.12

0.4 x 10-5

Problem: Consider the following reaction and

kinetic data. What is the rate constant?
CO(g) + H2O(g)

CO2(g) + H2(g)

Exp #

[CO]

[H2O] Initial Rate (Msec-1)

1.5

1.5

0,2

1.5

4.5

0,6

3.0

4.5

1,2

1.5

0.75

0,1

3.0

3.0

0,8

A Pseudo-first Order Reaction

Example hydration of methyl iodide
CH3I(aq) + H2O(l) CH3OH(aq) + H+
(aq) + I-(aq)
Rate = k [CH3I] [H2O]
Since we carry out the reaction in aqueous
solution

[H2O] >>>> [CH3I] [H2O] doesnt

change by a lot

Pseudo-first Order (contd)

Since the concentration of H2O is
essentially constant
v = k [CH3I] [constant]
= k`[CH3I] where k` = k [H2O]
The reaction is pseudo first order since it
appears to be first order, but it is actually
a second order process.

Single / Multiple Reactions

Single reaction 1 equation & 1 single rate equation

A B C D
Multiple reactions more than 1 rate equation needed
Series reactions:

A RS

Parallel reactions:

A R

A B R

BS

RBS

competitive

side by side

series & parallel

Physical
ChemistryHomogeneous

Reaction
Kinetics

Catalysis

The kinetics of the bromide-catalysed decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide
2 H 2O2 (aq) 2 H 2O(aq) O2 ( g )

The reaction is believed to proceed through the following preequilibrium:

H 3O HOOH HOOH 2 H 2O
HOOH 2 Br HOBr H 2O
HOBr HOOH H 3O O2 Br

[ HOOH 2 ]

[ HOOH ][ H 3O ]

r k[ HOOH 2 ][ Br ]

(fast)
(in the equilibrium constant, the activity of H2O has been set equal to 1.)
d [O2 ]
kK [ HOOH ][ H 3O ][ Br ]
dt

Physical
Chemistry

Reaction
Types of Homogeneous
Kinetics
Catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysis normally depends on at least one reactant

being adsorbed (usually chemisorbed) and modified to a form in

which it readily undergoes reaction.
Homogeneous catalysis
(many organic reactions)

Acid catalysis X HA HX A
Brnsted acid
reacts
Base catalysis XH B X BH
Brnsted base
reacts

Autocatalysis
The acceleration of a reaction by the products.
A P

v r[ A][ P ]

The reaction rate increases as products are formed.

Physical
Chemistry

Reaction
Kinetics

Autocatalysis
A P

[ A] [ A]0 x

Homewo
rk
No. 1

r k[ A][ P ]
[ P ] [ P ]0 x

The rate law

dx
k [ A]0 x [ P ]0 x
dt

At what time is the reaction

rate a maximum?

Integration by partial fractions, using

[t max (1 / ka) ln b]

1
1
1
1

[ A]0 x [ P]0 x [ A]0 [ P]0 [ A]0 x [ P]0 x

[ P ]0 x [ A]0
1
kt
ln
[ A]0 [ P ]0 [ P ]0 [ A]0 x
x
e at 1

[ P ]0 1 be at

a k ([ A]0 [ P ]0 )

[ P]0
b
[ A]0

Physical
Chemistry

Reaction
Kinetics

Unimolecular Reactions

The Lindemann-Hinshelwood Mechanism

The L-H mechanism proposed that a reactant molecule A becomes
energetically excited by collision with another A molecule.
k

A A 1 A* A

d [ A* ]
k1[ A]2
dt

The energized molecule might lose its excess energy by collision

with another A molecule.
k2

A A A A

d [ A* ]
k 2 [ A* ][ A]
dt

Alternatively, the excited molecule might shake itself apart and

form products P (it might undergo the unimolecular decay).
*

k3

A P

d [ A* ]
k3[ A* ]
dt

Physical
Chemistry
Unimolecular

Reactions

Reaction
Kinetics

The Lindemann-Hinshelwood Mechanism

k1

A A A A
*

k2

A A A A
k3

A* P

d [ A* ]
k1[ A]2
dt
d [ A* ]
k2 [ A* ][ A]
dt
d [ A* ]
k3[ A* ]
dt

The steady-state approximation to the net rate of formation of A*.

d [ A* ]
k1[ A]2 k 2 [ A* ][ A] k3[ A* ] 0
dt

d [ P]
k3[ A* ]
dt

k1k3[ A]2
k3 k 2 [ A]

[ A* ]

k1[ A]
k3 k 2 [ A]

Physical
Chemistry

Reaction
Kinetics

Unimolecular Reactions

The Lindemann-Hinshelwood Mechanism

d [ P]
k3[ A* ]
dt

k1k3[ A]2
k3 k 2 [ A]

This is not first-order

If the rate of deactivation by (A*, A) collision is much greater than

the rate of unimolecular decay
k 2 [ A* ][ A] k3[ A* ]

d [ P] k1k3

[ A] k[ A]
dt
k2
k 2 [ A] k3

first-order

d [ P]
k1[ A]2
dt

k 2 [ A] k3

kk
k 1 3
k2

second-order

Physical
Chemistry

Improvements of the
Theory

Reaction
Kinetics

RRKM Mechanism

The L-H mechanism agrees in general with the switch in order of

unimolecular reactions, but does not agree in detail.
d [ P]
k3[ A* ]
dt

k1k3[ A]
k3 k 2 [ A]

k1k3[ A]2
k[ A]
k3 k 2 [ A]

1/k

1
k
1
2
k k1k3 k1[ A]

A plot of 1/k against 1/[A] expects to be

a straight line.

1/[A]

The graph has a pronounced curvature when a larger value of k

(small 1/k) at higher pressure (low 1/[A])

KATALIS HETEROGEN
Banyak logam yang dapat mengikat cukup
banyak molekul-molekul gas pada
permukannya, misalnya Ni, Pt, Pd dan V. Gaya
tarik menarik antara atom logam dengan
molekul gas dapat memperlemah ikatan kovalen
pada molekul gas, dan bahkan dapat
memutuskan ikatan itu. Akibatnya molekul gas
yang teradborpsi pada permukaan logam ini
menjadi lebih reaktif daripada molekul gas yang
tidak terabsorbsi. Prinsip ini adalah kerja dari
katalis heterogen, yang banyak dimanfaatkan
untuk mengkatalisis reaksi-reaksi gas.

REAKSI KATALIS
zat A dan zat B yang direaksikan membentuk zat AB
dengan zat C sebagai katalis.
ABA + B (reaksi lambat)
Bila tanpa katalis diperlukan energi pengaktifan yang
tinggi dan terbentuknya AB lambat. Namun, dengan
adanya AC (reaksi cepat).katalis C, maka terjadilah
reaksi: A + C
Energi pengaktifan diturunkan, AC terbentuk cepat dan
seketika itu juga AC bereaksi dengan B membentuk
senyawa ABC.
AC + B ABC (reaksi cepat)
Energi pengaktifan reaksi ini rendah sehingga dengan
cepat terbentuk ABC yang kemudian mengurai menjadi
AB dan C.
AB +ABC C (reaksi cepat)