Realisation of FDNR

Using a Single Current

Feedback Operational
Amplifier
Supervisor:
Dr. V. K. Singh
HOD, Dept. Of
Electronics Engineering

Submitted by:
Preetika Agarwal
Roll No. : 1305200031

Abstract
In this seminar report, realization of frequency dependent
negative resistance using a single current feedback
operational amplifier has been discussed. An FDNR using a
single CFOA, two capacitors and a resistor has been
discussed and its properties have been derived. Also the
SPICE simulation for the circuit implemented in a ladder
filter has been given as a proof of correctness of the circuit.
The various applications of the device has been explored
and further scope for research has been suggested.

Introduction
Negative Resistance

Property of electrical circuits

Increase in voltage results in decrease in current
Opposes the Ohm's Law

Frequency Dependent Negative

Resistance(FDNR)
One port element defined by impedance:
OR

Introduction(contd.)
The time description of FDNR in terms of
current and voltage is:

where, D = a positive real constant

The technique of FDNR is attributed
to L.T. Bruton
Fig: Electronic Symbol
for FDNR

Drawbacks of Physical
Inductors
The core and windings are placed on
semiconductor surface which does not
posses ferromagnetic properties resulting in
low inductance.

Inductors behave as small antennas resulting

in unwanted noise.
Size increases with increase in inductance.
Characteristics of simulated inductor are
closer to the ideal characteristics as
compared to physical inductors.

Fig: Physical Inductor

Applications of FDNR
L T Bruton was the first to
apply FDNR in a DC ladder
filter.
He considered a passive
LRC
network
and
transformed it into a DCR
network.
The DCR network was
obtained by scaling the
admittance of the LCR
network by the parameter
's'.

Fig: A low pass ladder filter and its

implementation using a FDNR

Applications of FDNR(contd.)
If the admittance of the general LCR network is given by:

where, G,C and L are the branch conductance, capacitance

and inductance respectively.
Then, the admittance of the general DCR branch is defined as:

where the equivalent DCR network branch will contain a

capacitor G, a resistor L and a FDNR element C

CFOA
invented
by
David
Comlinear Corporation

Nelson

at

a type of electronic amplifier

inverting input is sensitive to current,
rather than to voltage as in a
conventional
voltage-feedback
operational amplifier (VFA)
usually produced with the same pin
arrangements as VFAs, allowing the
two types to be interchanged without
rewiring

Fig: Pin Configurations of IC

AD844

CFOA(contd.)
Current Feedback Operational
Amplifier has a circuit symbol as
shown in the figure:

Fig: Circuit Symbol of CFOA

The transfer characteristics matrix

of CFOA is given as:

Fig: Transformation Matrix

Difference between CFOA and VFA

VFA
Bandwidth to gain product is
constant.
Low slew rate leading to low
speed of operation.
High DC gain
Low input offset voltage
Noise is low so a high accuracy
circuit can be made.

CFOA
Bandwidth and gain are
inndependent of each other
High slew rate leading to high
speed of operation
Low DC gain
High input offset voltage
Noise is high so only a
moderately accurate circuit can be
made

Realization of FDNR using

CFOA
The FDNR circuit can be implemented using a CFOA
as follows:

Fig: Realization of FDNR using single CFOA

Example of an anti-Aliasing
Filter
An anti-aliasing filter is made of a
low pass filter followed by an A/D
converter.
A third order low pass filter is
shown alongside:
Fig: Third order Butterworth passive LPF

The filter can be implemented

using FDNR as shown:

Fig: Current mode equivalent circuit

Anti-Aliasing Filter (contd.)

Now implementing the FDNR circuit

Fig: Current-mode LPF constructed with CFOA FDNRs

Applications
Analog circuit design and oscillator realizations which
require simulated inductance
Can provide flexible and new possibilities to circuit design
Implement active ladder filters which consist of inductance,
resistance and capacitance as their passive elements
Convert LCR ladder with floating inductance into a DCR
ladder

Conclusion
The frequency dependent negative resistance realisation
using a single current feedback operational amplifier
was studied and its characteristics equations were
derived. It was proven that the design indeed
corresponds to a frequency dependent negative
resistance which has the required characteristics.
Frequency dependent negative resistance has been used
in devices like low sensitivity band limitation active
filters and an efficient design methodology for switchedcurrent elliptic low pass wave filter. There is a further
scope of research on the design of active filters where
FDNR can be used to simulate inductance.

References

L.T.Bruton "Network Transfer Functions Using the Concept of FrequencyDependent

Negative
Resistance"
IEEE
Transactions
on
Circuit
Theory(Volume:6 Issue:3) pp 406-408

D. Susan and S Jayalalitha "frequency Dependent Negative Resistance- A

review" Research journal of applied sciences, Engineering and Technology
4(17): 2988-2994,2012. ISSN 2040-7467

http://www.analog.com/en/products/amplifiers/operationalamplifiers/current-feedback-amplifiers/ad844.html#product-overview

http://ieee.li/pgf/viewgrapghs/current_feedback_vs_voltage_feedback_ampli
fiers.pdf

Firat Kacar and Hakan Kuntman "On the realisation of FDNR using only a
single current feedback operational amplifier