Construction of earth roads

1. Material : soil survey

2. Location :centre line
and reference pegs driven
3. Preparation of subgrade
4.Pavement construction
5. opening to traffic

Excavation equipments
bull dozers
power shovel
scrapers
drag lines
clamshells
hoes

Gravel Roads:
Theory and Engineering

How Are Roads Built?

Evolution
Stock trails
Double tracks
Gravel road
Asphalt road

Revolution
New construction

Typical Gravel Road Section

Unimproved double track

Roadbed has been shaped but

no imported gravel.

Slightly improved, with some imported

gravel and ditches

Gravel is added and the road gets higher.

Vertical alignment improvements

More gravel is added, the road is widened

What Happens to Roads?

Rehabilitation
Construction

Maintenance

Performance
Materials

Design

Traffic Loads

Environment

DLS with Excellent Maint

Design Traffic Loads

Heavier Traffic Loads

Very Heavy Traffic Loads

Gravel Roads Basics

Drainage
A wet road is a weak road

Structural Strength
Each layer must be strong enough to resist
the shear stresses applied to it

Rideability
Potholes, Washboards, and Ruts

Dust Control
Loose Aggregate
Safety

Structural Properties of Roads

Road Components
Surface, Base, Subgrade

Road Stresses
Road Materials

Base Contaminated by Subgrade

Stresses

Compressive
Stress

Shear
Stress

Tire Stresses on Roads

Shear Stress

Compressive Stress

Stress Distribution

Materials
Gravel surface materials need
several characteristics:
Strength
Rutting Resistance

Cohesion and Moisture Retention

Aggregate Loss Resistance
Washboard Resistance
Dust Control

Gravel Road Materials

Too much sands
Washboarding

Too many silts and clays

Rutting
Dust problems

Not enough larger gravel

Aggregate loss
Dust problems

Without MgCl

Same
Gravel
With MgCl

Kittering
Road,
Sheridan
County

Compaction
Soil must be compacted (densified) to obtain
strength/stability
Reduce air voids in soil structure

Crushed v Pit Run Aggregate

Crushed v Pit Run Aggregate

Plasticity Limits
Properties of material passing #40 sieve
Determined mostly by type and percentage
of clays
Sometimes referred to as Atterberg Limits

Soil
Consistenc
y

Gravel Road
Drainage

Gravel
Surface:
Must Shed
Water
Sloped for drainage
Blade to restore proper cross-slope
Add gravel as needed

Have system of drains

Drainage
Estimate time of drainage

Quality of Drainage
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Very Poor

Water Removed
Within
2 hours
1 day
1 week
1 month
Does not drain

Traffic

Construction procedure for gravel

road
1.Material
: Gravel to be used to stacked along the side of the proposed roads.

2.Location : pegs and referance pegs for desired vertical profile of the road

3.Preparation of sub grade :Site is cleaned and fill and cuts

4.Pavement
5. Opening

are completed

..
construction: Crushed gravel aggregate are placed to avoid seggregation

to Traffic:

after Final rolling and drying out rut, Road is open for traffic.