Review of

related
literatures and
studies

Related
Literatures

By law, the council is responsible for the

condition of all housing within its area. This
includes both rented and privately owned
homes. It uses a rating system called the
Housing Health and Safety Rating System
(HHSRS) to assess the potential dangers or
hazards present in a home. Local councils
have the responsibility to ensure that action
is taken by homeowners and landlords to
tackle any hazards (COI, 1995).

On hazards.
Hazards arise from faults or deficiencies in
the dwelling, which could cause harm. An
understanding of two things is needed when
it comes to recognizing and testing for
hazards: The basic physical and mental
needs for human life and comfort, and how
the dwelling as a whole and each individual
element in the dwelling have an effect.

In short, a dwelling should be able to supply

the basic needs for the everyday life of the
range of households who could normally be
expected to live in a dwelling of that size and
type.
The first step in checking the state of a
dwelling is an inspection to identify
deficiencies that could cause problems for the
dwelling as a whole (Center of Information,
1995).

Each may contribute towards the single

hazard of fire, helping smoke and flames
to spread to the parts of the dwelling
without being detected. Alternatively,
there may be similar kinds of deficiencies
in different places in the dwelling, which
will have an effect on the same hazard.

For instance, there might be dampness in

the walls of several rooms within the
dwelling, in this case, an addition of those
deficiencies of damp and mold growth will
influence the assessment of the severity of
the hazard, so the more widespread the
damp and mold, the greater the likelihood
that harm could be caused (COI, 1995).

On environmental health
The Philippines in cooperation with the World
Health Organization (WHO) have developed an
action plan to promote and maintain safety. It is
known as the Philippine National Environmental
Health Action Plan (NEHAP) for 2012-2013.
The threat of environmental hazard to man has not
been more emphasized than at present times.
Despite notable achievements in the health
indicators (e.g. increasing life expectancy at birth,
decreasing infant death rates, etc.), these are now
being threatened by changing environmental
scenarios such as industrialization and rapid
urbanization.

The Institute of Medicine (2002), has identified three

major determinates of intention to undertake behavioral
change. They are: attitudes of a person, community
norms and the degree of self-efficacy of a person.

Mcdonalds (1998) also include the social setting in

which people make decisions about their risks. In
response to these challenges, alternative approaches are
emerging. Fortunately, rather than re-inventing the
wheel, we are able to learn and adapt approaches and
models which have been proven in other jurisdiction
notably health promotion, social marketing, community
safety and adult education to present a community
safety model that identifies and addresses the concerns
of all affected groups.

The report of a national flood warning workshop

(Proudley and Handmer, 2003) identified many of
the issues that need to be addressed in developing
effective warning systems, including: The necessity
for community engagement through increased
awareness and engagement; The need to improve
the communication of risk; the importance of
recognizing the target audience of flood warnings;
and the need for policy improvements in the are of
flash flood warnings.

On community behavior and

attitude
In promoting safety standards within a community, one
main focus of change should be in the peoples attitude
and behavior. Psychologists define attitude as a learned
tendency to evaluate things in a certain way (Myers,
1999). This includes evaluation of people, issues,
objects or events. Whereas, behavior includes
everything that we do. such as thinking, feeling,
writing, reading, imagining etc. Sometimes, it is
assumed that people behave in accordance with their
attitudes, but psychologists have found out that
behavior and attitude are not always aligned. Due to
this, a person might experience cognitive dissonance,
wherein there is a psychological distress due to
conflicting thoughts or beliefs.

People in the community tend to adjust on what

they see in their surroundings. Those who have
been living there for a significant number of years
have already adapted to the common norms in the
area. A certain attitude on how they approach the
living condition in their community have already
formed, integrated it as a part of their attitude. Due
to this, people have developed an attitude in which
they perceive as safe because of it being socially
accepted.

On outcome evaluation
Outcome evaluations assess the effectiveness of a
program in producing change. It focuses on
difficult questions that ask what happened to
program participants and how much of a
difference the program made for them (Linell,
2014).

The intent of outcome evaluation is to assess the

effectiveness of these activities with respect to the
benefits achieved, suggest improvements, and
possibly provide direction for future activities
(Butcher & Marsden, 2004).

The biggest challenge to outcome evaluation is

how to measure outcomes in a meaningful and
valid way (Patton, 2008).

Related studies

A study conducted by Carter and Dales (2008) about

the environmental hazards in the homes of older
people resulting that 80% of homes inspected had at
least one hazard and had 5 hazards. The bathroom
was identified as the most hazardous room.
Although a significant association was found between
the older peoples self-assessment of their homes
safety and the presence of more than 5 hazards,
30% of those rating their homes as very safe had
more than 5 hazards. Logistic regression analysis
identified one variablecontact with healthcare
service providers as a predictive of the hazard level
in older peoples homes. Older people who were
never visited by service providers were twice as
likely to have more than 5 hazards as those who
were visited weekly or more often

Sattin and Brunekreef (1991) conducted a study

on home hazards and risk for falls and injury
events on community dwelling older adults. The
result was: the environmental hazards were
present in nearly all-dwelling units. After adjusting
for important confounding factors, most of these
hazards were not associated with an increased risk
of fall injury events among older persons.
Increasing numbers of tripping hazards, or total
hazards in the dwelling unit, did not increase the
risk of fall injury events, nor was there an
increasing trend in risk.

Definition of terms
Community Diagnosis. Refers to the process by which the nurse
collects data about the community in order to identify factors which
may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population to formulate
a community a health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement
community health nursing interventions and strategies.

Community Organizing. Refers to a process where people who live

in proximity to each other come together into an organization that
acts in their shared self-interest. A core goal of community organizing
is to generate durable power for an organization representing the
community, allowing it to influence key decision-makers on a range of
issues
over
time.

Congested neighborhood. Refers to the overcrowding of the local

population of Sitio Canumay in a limited area. Congestion may
increase the risk of communicable diseases in the community.

 External

Environment.
Refers
to
the
immediate environment within a household.

Internal

Environment.
Refers
environment within a household.

to

the

Narrow pathways. Refers to walkways that

have limited space. Narrow pathways in the
community may increase the risks for injury and
falls since individuals that tread on them have
difficulty balancing themselves.

 Problem Oriented Community Diagnosis. Refers to

the assessment responding to a particular need. In this
study, the problems assessed were safely hazards in the
said community such as rickety bridges, absence of side
rails on bridges and stairs, narrow pathways, and
congested neighborhood.

Rickety bridge. A man-made bridge that is likely to

break or fall apart due to poor construction or age.
Rickety bridges that are present in the community are
poorly constructed with the use of bamboo and plywood
may increase the risk for falls.

Safety Hazards. Refers to a possible source of danger

that may cause harm if not properly intervened. Safety
Hazards in the said community include rickety bridges,
absence of side rails on bridges and stairs, narrow
pathways, and congested neighborhood.