Projection in Geography, Geology, Gis

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999
Projections and Coordinate Systems

Overview
Projections
Coordinate systems
Datums
Examples of different projections
Projecting views
Projecting data sets
_

Projections
The earth is a spheroid

The best model of the earth is a globe
not easy to carry
not good for planimetric measurement
Maps are flat
easy to carry
good for measurement
Map projections are created to project data from a
sphere onto a planar surface
_

Projections
an imaginary light is projected

on a developable surface
_

Projections
cone as developable surface
secant cone
tangent cone

Projections
cylinder as developable surface
tangent cylinders

Projections
plane as developable surface

Projections
Map projections always introduce error and distortion
Distortion may be minimized in one or more of the following properties:
Shape > conformal

Distance > equidistant
True Direction > true direction
Area > equal area

Projections
Exactly what are map projections?
Sets of mathematical equations that convert coordinates

from one system to another
(x, y) f (x, y)
unprojected
projected
Projections
How do projections work on a programmatic level?
Projection, zone, datum (units)
geographic, NAD27 (decimal degrees)
-122.35
47.62
UTM, Zone 10, NAD27 (meters)
548843.5049
5274052.0957
State Plane, WA-N, NAD83 (feet)
1266092.5471
229783.3093
each set of coordinates is transformed using a projection equation

Projections
How does ArcView handle map projections in views?
A view projection does not change data on the disk.

Applying a projection on a view projects lat/long data
on the fly.
ArcViews view projection equations expect input X
and Y values in lat/long decimal degrees.
Using projected input data will result in corrupted
output.
Projected and unprojected data cannot be used in the
same view._

Projections
How does ArcView handle map projections for data?
Projecting data creates a new data set on the disk

Data can be projected so that incompatibly projected
data can be made to match.
ArcViews projection engine can go in and out of a
number of different projections, coordinate systems,
and datums.
Projected and unprojected data still cannot be used in
the same view._

Coordinate systems
data on spherical surfaces are not easy to measure

data on planes are easy to measure and calculate
distance
angle
area
_

Coordinate systems
Lat/long system uses angular measurements on spheres

Coordinate systems
GIS software uses planar measurements on
Cartesian planes

Coordinate systems
Examples of different coordinate/projection systems

State Plane
Universal Transverse Mercator
_

Coordinate systems
State Plane
Codified in 1930s
Use of numeric zones for shorthand
SPCS (State Plane Coordinate System)
FIPS (Federal Information Processing System)
Uses one or more of 3 different projections:
Lambert Conformal Conic (east-west orientation )
Transverse Mercator (north-south orientation)
Oblique Mercator (nw-se or ne-sw orientation)
False X-origin for positive X-coordinates
Low Y-origin for positive Y-coordinates_

Coordinate systems
State Plane
Washington State Plane zone definitions
Zone
WA_N
WA_S
SPCS
FIPS
Zone # Zone #
5601
5626
4601
4602
Projection
1st Std.
Parallel
Lambert Conformal Conic 47 30 00

Lambert Conformal Conic 45 50 00
False
False
Origin
Northing
Easting (m)
(m)
48 44 00 -120 50 00 47 00 00 609601.2192
0
47 20 00 -120 30 00 45 20 00 609601.2192
0
2nd Std.
Parallel
Central
Meridian

Coordinate systems
false eastings
6 wide zones

Coordinate systems
Washington state is in Zones 10 & 11

Datums
Used to increase accuracy in local areas

Datums
Commonly used datums in North America

North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)
NAD83
NAD83/91
High-Precision GPS Network (HPGN)
High-Accuracy Reference Network (HARN
World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)

Albers
Conic
Properties
Shape
Area
Direction
Distance
Shape along the standard parallels is accurate and minimally distorted in the region between the standard parallels and those
regions just beyond. The 90-degree angles between meridians and parallels are preserved, but because the scale along the lines
of longitude does not match the scale along lines of latitude, the final projection is not conformal.
All areas are proportional to the same areas on the Earth.
Locally true along the standard parallels.
Distances are best in the middle latitudes. Along parallels, scale is reduced between the standard parallels and increased beyond
them. Along meridians, scale follows an opposite pattern.

Lambert
Azimuthal
Equal
Area
Planar
Properties
Shape
Area
Direction
Distance
Shape is true along the standard parallels of the normal aspect (Type 1), or the standard lines of the transverse and oblique
aspects (Types 2 and 3). Distortion is severe near the poles of the normal aspect or 90 from the central line in the transverse and
oblique aspects.
There is no area distortion on any of the projections.
Local angles are correct along standard parallels or standard lines. Direction is distorted elsewhere.
Scale is true along the Equator (Type 1), or the standard lines of the transverse and oblique aspects (Types 2 and 3). Scale
distortion is severe near the poles of the normal aspect or 90 from the central line in the transverse and oblique aspects.

Mercator
Cylindrical
Properties
Shape
Area
Direction
Distance
Conformal. Small shapes are well represented because this projection maintains the local angular relationships.
Increasingly distorted toward the polar regions. For example, in the Mercator projection, although Greenland is only one-eighth
the size of South America, Greenland appears to be larger.
Any straight line drawn on this projection represents an actual compass bearing. These true direction lines are rhumb lines, and
generally do not describe the shortest distance between points.
Scale is true along the Equator, or along the secant latitudes.

Miller
Cylindrical
Properties
Shape
Area
Direction
Distance
Minimally distorted between 45th parallels, increasingly toward the poles. Land masses are stretched more east to west than
they are north to south.
Distortion increases from the Equator toward the poles.
Local angles are correct only along the Equator.
Correct distance is measured along the Equator.

Mollweide
PseudoCylindrical
Properties
Shape
Area
Direction
Distance
Shape is not distorted at the intersection of the central meridian and latitudes 40 44' N and S. Distortion increases outward from
these points and becomes severe at the edges of the projection.
Equal-area.
Local angles are true only at the intersection of the central meridian and latitudes 40 44' N and S. Direction is distorted
elsewhere.
Scale is true along latitudes 4044' N and S. Distortion increases with distance from these lines and becomes severe at the edges
of the projection.

Orthographic
Properties
Shape
Area
Direction
Distance
Minimal distortion near the center; maximal distortion near the edge.
The areal scale decreases with distance from the center. Areal scale is zero at the edge of the hemisphere.
True direction from the central point.
The radial scale decreases with distance from the center and becomes zero on the edges. The scale perpendicular to the radii,
along the parallels of the polar aspect, is accurate.

Robinson
PseudoCylindrical
Properties
Shape
Area
Direction
Distance
Shape distortion is very low within 45 of the origin and along the Equator.
Distortion is very low within 45 of the origin and along the Equator.
Generally distorted.
Generally, scale is made true along latitudes 38 N and S. Scale is constant along any given latitude, and for the latitude of
opposite sign.

Projecting views
start with unprojected data

_

Projecting views
then apply a projection to the view

_

Projecting spatial data sets
Data may not be compatible
UTM
Gh
ana
Metre
Grid
Lake Victoria is not in central Africa

Start the ArcView Projection Utility

Start the ArcView Projection Utility

Select data set to project

Define current projection

Define output projection

Define output file

Data sets are now compatible
UTM
Lake Victoria is in east Africa

Projection in Geography, Geology, Gis

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CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

The earth is a spheroid

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

an imaginary light is projected

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Distortion may be minimized in one or more of the following properties:

Shape > conformal

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Sets of mathematical equations that convert coordinates

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Projection, zone, datum (units)

geographic, NAD27 (decimal degrees)

UTM, Zone 10, NAD27 (meters)

State Plane, WA-N, NAD83 (feet)

each set of coordinates is transformed using a projection equation

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

A view projection does not change data on the disk.

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Projecting data creates a new data set on the disk

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

data on spherical surfaces are not easy to measure

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Examples of different coordinate/projection systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Washington State Plane zone definitions

Lambert Conformal Conic 47 30 00

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Washington state is in Zones 10 & 11

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Used to increase accuracy in local areas

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Commonly used datums in North America

CFR 250/590 Introduction to GIS, Autumn 1999

Projections and Coordinate Systems