Complex Sentence

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Definition
Complex sentence is a sentence which contains
an independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.

Formula:

One IC + at least one DC

What is IC and DC?

An independent clause (IC) has a subject and a verb
and can stand alone because it expresses a complete
thought.
Example: Mr. John was wet
A dependent clause (DC) has a subject and a verb but
cannot stand alone because it does not express a
complete thought. It depends on another clause to be
complete.
Example: He walked in the rain

Mr. Harry was wet because he walked in the rain.

S

V
IC

Adj.

Sub. Conj.
DC

Adv.

Types of DC
Adverbial
Clause

Adjective
Clause

Noun
Clause

Adverbial Clause
Adverb clause is a clause which has function as
an adverb (i.e. adv clause). To connect
independent clause and adverb clause, we use
subordinate conjunction in front of dependent
clause (adverb clause).

 Adverb clause has many subordinating

conjunction such as:
Purpose
&
Result

Cause
&
Effect

Condition

Time

Place

Contrast

Manner

After

where

Whereas

As

In order
that

Because

If

before

Although

As if

So that

Since

Unless

When

Even if

As
though

In case

since

While

Like

until
as soon
as
every time

How

If only

 Examples:
1.

As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.

sub. conj time S

2.

You can have vacation where you like.

S

sub. conj. place

She wanted to stop whereas I wanted to go on.

3.
S

4.

inf. phrase. sub. Conj. Contr.

inf.phrase.

You may finish the duty how you like.

S

sub. conj.

Adjective Clause
Adjective clause is a clause that modifies or gives information
about a noun or pronoun. The adjective clause is connected to
independent clause by relative pronoun. The relative
pronouns are:
Subject

Object

Possessive

Place & Time

Statement

Who

Whom

Whose

Where

Why

Which

Which

Of which

When

That

That

 Examples:
1. There is the car that I would like to buy.
S

V comp.

Rel.

to inf

pron.

2. Jakarta is the town where Entong was born.

S

LV

comp.

rel. pron.

3. I met an old man whose son is studying

S V

rel.pron

at PNJ this morning.

verb phr. prep N. adv. Of time

Noun Clause
Noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun in the
sentence. A noun clause may be used as a subject, as a subject
complement, as object, or as an preposition. The noun clause
begins with noun clause markers (who, which, what, where,
when, why, how, if, that, whether)

 Examples:
1. Noun clause as a subject
Where she found that shell remains a secret.
sub.conj

NCM

complement

DC
IC

2.

Noun clause as a subject complement

The problem was that you never come on time.
S

NCM

Adv.
DC

IC

3.Noun clause as an object

I dont understand what he is talking about.
S
V
NCM S V
O
DC
IC

4. Noun clause as a preposition

We cannot talk about what he said.
S

prep.
DC
IC

NCM

Complex Sentence with 2 or more DC

It is very hard to think she misunderstands my
S LV

DC
joke because she who has good sense of humor
Sub. Conj.
S
also likes to tell jokes in class.

Punctuating
Adverbial Clause
Adverb Clause can be on the first complex sentence, followed by Independent
clause. Or independent clause can be on the first complex sentence, followed by
adverbial clause. If adverbial clause is on the first complex sentence, in the end of
adverbial clause must be followed by comma, after that can be followed by
independent clause.
Example :
Before IC
: Though Im annoyed, I try to think positively.
After IC
: I try to think positively though Im annoyed.

Adjective Clause
When explain the subject, adjective clause must be at the centre of complex
sentence. Can be added with comma or not, depend on the information. If the
information include to the essential category, dont use comma.
Example :
Essential
: People who do exercise regularly rarely get sick.
Non-essential
: Yulia, who does exercise regularly, has a positive body
image.

Any Question?

exercise

Identify the phrases and clauses from this

sentences!
Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping
wood, swatting mosquitoes, and cooking over a
woodstove. (noun phr.)
The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
(noun)
Even if it rains, I will come. (adv)

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences

into a complex sentence!
He will get good marks. It is certain. (N)
The theft was committed last night. The police has caught the man.(adj)
The strike was going to be called off. The leader told me that. (adv)
The examinations may be postponed. That is the rumor. (N)
The landlord was proud of his strength. He despised the weakness of
his tenants. (adj)
You finish dressing. I will wait here. (adv)

THANK
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YOU
YOU
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YOU