7-2 PRODUCTION OF

CONCRETE

 Types of Concrete
Concrete Components:
_Cement
_Aggregates
_Water
_Additives
Mix Design

TYPE

WEIGHT

28-d Compressive
Strength

Normal-weight
concrete

140-160 lb/cu ft
(2243 2563) kg/

2000-4000 psi
(13790 27580 kPa)

Structural lightweight
concrete

Less than 120 lb/cu ft

( 1922 kg/

Greater than 2500

lb/sq in
(17237 kPa)

Lightweight insulating
concrete

15-90 lb/cu ft
(240-1442 kg/

100-1000 lb/sq in
(690-6895 kPa)

concrete : used in structure

Mass

such as a dam in which the weight

provides the strength of the structure
Heavyweight : made with heavy
aggregates ( barite,magnetite, steel
punchings) used primarily for nuclear
radiation shielding. Unit weights from
180 to 400 lb/cu ft (2884 to 6408 kg/
No-slump concrete: having a slump
of 1 in (2.5cm) or less. It have
application include bedding for
pipelines and placed on inclined
surfaces

spillway controls water reservoir

Refractory concrete: suitable for hightemperature application such as boilers

and furnaces
Precast concret: has been cast into the
desired shape prior to placement in a
structure
Architectural concrete: will be exposed
to view and therefore ultilizes special
shapes, design or a surface finishes to
achieve the desired architectural effect,
usually precast and used for curtain walls
and screens.

Hearth plate

Precast concrete before and after

L House in Hirafu by Florian Busch

Architects

Concrete Components

Cement

 Some other types:

_IA, IIA, IIIA : same as type I,II,III with
addiction of airentraining agent.
_IS: similar to type I but with blastfurnace slag and IS-A with air
entraining agent.
_IP, IP-A, P, P-A: contain pozzolan to
reduce heat release
_White portland cement also used
for architectural purposes.

Type I

Type II

Type IA

Aggregates
Used in concrete to reduce the cost of the
mix and to reduce shrinkage
Concrete volume make up 60 to 80% by
aggregates so their properties strongly
influence to finished concrete
Aggregate properties must be strong,
resistant to freezing and thawing,
chemically stable, free of fine materal
that would affect the bonding of the
cement paste to aggregate

Portland Cement Association

the well-graded particle size

distribution for this conventional
concrete mix.

Water
Provide the moisture required for
hydration of the cement to take
place.
Hydration is chemical reaction
between cement and water which
produces hardened cement.
Depend on condition of aggregates
( moisture or dry ) people will add or
subtract water from the mix

Water/Cement Ratio
Strength, watertightness,
durability, wear resistance of
concrete is related to this ratio
The lower ratio the higher strength,
durability but reduces workability
Ratio is selected by the mix designer
to meet requirements of hardened
concrete.
Normally ratio range about 0,4 to
0,7 by weight

Water Quality
Organic material prevent cement
paste bond with aggregate.
Seawater can be used but will
reduce 10%-20% compressive
strength of concrete
Seawater should not be used for
prestressed because it affect to
prestressing steel

Additives
Air entraining agents:
_Increase resistance to freezing,
thawing, scaling caused by the use
of deicing chemicals
_Increase workability of plastic
concrete and watertightness of
hardened concrete
_Use widely for pavements and orther
structures exposed to freezing and
thawing

 Water-reducing agents:
_increase slump or workability of a
concrete mix
_reduce water without changing
concretes consistency
_But some will act as retarders.
Retarders slow the rate hardening of
concrete, used to delay setting of
concrete when pumping concrete over
long distance
_On the opposite is Accelerators

 Pozzolans are finely devided

material such as fly ash, volcanic
ash :
_Reduce heat release
_Reduce segregation
_Increase workability

Fly Ash

Volcanic Ash

Mix Design
Most economical
Meet the requirements of hardened
concrete
Acceptable workability
_That mix usually uses highest ratio
of aggregate to cement while providing
acceptable workability at the require
water/cement ratio

 Mix design procedure :

Select water/cement ratio satisfies
requirements concrete strength, durability,
watertightness. (Table 74 gives maximum
water/cement ratios recommended by the
American Concrete Institute )
Select workability or slump required (see
Table 75).
Mix trial batch using selected water/cement
ratio.Then add saturated,surface-dry fine, and
coarse aggregate until the desired slump is
obtained. After weighing each trial mix
component, the yield of the mix and the
amount of each component required for a
full-scale batch