Problem 1

GIT
YESSICA DESBET
405130211

LO 4
Biochemistry (upper gastrointestinal)

Mouth
DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
Amylases Catalyze the Hydrolysis of Starch
The hydrolysis of starch by salivary and pancreatic amylases
catalyze random hydrolysis of (14) glycoside bonds, yielding
dextrins, then a mixture of glucose, maltose, and isomaltose (from
the branch points in amylopectin).
Disaccharidases Are Brush Border Enzymes
The disaccharidasesmaltase, sucrase-isomaltase (a
bifunctional enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of sucrose and
isomaltose), lactase, and trehalaseare located on the brush
border of the intestinal mucosal cells where the resultant
monosaccharides and others arising from the diet are absorbed. In
most people, apart from those of northern European genetic origin,
lactase is gradually lost through adolescence, leading to lactose
intolerance. Lactose remains in the intestinal lumen, where it is a
substrate for bacterial fermentation to lactate, resulting in
discomfort and diarrhea.

 DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS

The major lipids in the diet are triacylglycerols and, to a
lesser extent, phospholipids. These are hydrophobic
molecules and must be hydrolyzed and emulsified to very
small droplets (micelles) before they can be absorbed.
The fat-soluble vitaminsA, D, E, and K and a variety of
other lipids (including cholesterol) are absorbed dissolved
in the lipid micelles. Absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins
is impaired on a very low fat diet.
Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is initiated by lingual and
gastric lipases that attack the sn-3 ester bond, forming
1,2-diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, aiding
emulsification.

 DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS

Few peptide bonds that are hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes are accessible without prior
denaturation of dietary proteins (by heat in cooking and by the action of gastric acid).
Several Groups of Enzymes Catalyze the Digestion of Proteins There are two main classes of
proteolytic digestive enzymes (proteases), with different specificities for the amino acids forming
the peptide bond to be hydrolyzed. Endopeptidases hydrolyze peptide bonds between specific
amino acids throughout the molecule. They are the first enzymes to act, yielding a larger number of
smaller fragments, eg, pepsin in the gastric juice and trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase
secreted into the small intestine by the pancreas. Exopeptidases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide
bonds, one at a time, from the ends of polypeptides. Carboxypeptidases, secreted in the
pancreatic juice, release amino acids from the free carboxyl terminal, and aminopeptidases,
secreted by the intestinal mucosal cells, release amino acids from the amino terminal. Dipeptides,
which are not substrates for exopeptidases, are hydrolyzed in the brush border of intestinal mucosal
cells by dipeptidases. The proteases are secreted as inactive zymogens; the active site of the
enzyme is masked by a small region of its peptide chain, which is removed by hydrolysis of a
specific peptide bond. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by gastric acid and by activated pepsin
(autocatalysis). In the small intestine, trypsinogen, the precursor of trypsin, is activated by
enteropeptidase, which is secreted by the duodenal epithelial cells; trypsin can then activate
chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin, proelastase to elastase, procarboxypeptidase to
carboxypeptidase, and proaminopeptidase to aminopeptidase.
Free Amino Acids & Small Peptides Are Absorbed by Different Mechanisms
The end product of the action of endopeptidases and exopeptidases is a mixture of free amino acids,
di- and tripeptides, and oligopeptides, all of which are absorbed. Free amino acids are absorbed
across the intestinal mucosa by sodium-dependent active transport. There are several different
amino acid transporters, with specificity for the nature of the amino acid side chain (large or small;
neutral, acidic, or basic). The various amino acids carried by any one transporter compete with each
other for absorption and tissue uptake. Dipeptides and tripeptides enter the brush border of the
intestinal mucosal cells, where they are hydrolyzed to free amino acids, which are then transported
into the hepatic portal vein. Relatively large peptides may be absorbed intact, either by uptake into
mucosal epithelial cells (transcellular) or by passing between epithelial cells (paracellular). Many
such peptides are large enough to stimulate antibody formation this is the basis of allergic
reactions to foods.

Esophagus
Occurs ingestion by pharyng
Esophagus continued with
mechanical process

HASIL AKHIR PENCERNAAN

KARBOHIDRAT : MONOSAKHARIDA (GLUKOSA, GALKTOSA DAN

FRUKTOSA)
PROTEIN : ASAM AMINO DAN DIPEPTIDA
TRIASILGLISEROL (LEMAK TRIGLISERIDA) :
ASAM LEMAK, GLISEROL DAN MONOASIL GLISEROL
(MONOGLISERIDA)
ASAM NUKLEAT : NUKLEOBASA, NUKLEOSIDA DAN PENTOSA
MAKANAN SERAT : TIDAK DICERNA OLEH ENZIM (MANUSIA)

HASIL AKHIR PENCERNAAN

Protein Peptida

Enzim

Metode
Pengaktifan Dan
Kondisi Optimum
Pengaktifan

Substrat

Hasil akhir
atau Fungsi

Kelenjar liur: Mensekresi

saliva sebagai respon
refleks terhadap adanya
makanan dalam rongga
mulut

Amilase liur

Ion Khlorida
penting pH 6,6-8,8

Pati Glikogen

Maltose
tambah 1:6
glukosida
(oligosakari
da) tambah
maltotriosa

Kelenjar Lingualis

Lipase
lingualis

Rentang pH: 2,07,5;optimum: 4,04,5

Ikatan ester
primer rantai
pendek pada
sn-3

Kelenjar Lambung:
Sel chief dan parietal
mensekresi getah
lambung sebagai
tanggapan terhadap
rangsang refleks, dan
kerja gastrin

Pepsin A
(fundus),
Pepsin B
(pilorus)

Pepsinogen
dikonversi menjadi
pepsin aktif oleh
HCL, pH 1,0-2,0

Protein

Asam
lemak
tambah
1,2diasilgliser
Peptida
ol

Renin

Kalsium penting
untuk aktivitas, pH
4,0

Kasein susu

Sumber Sekresi Dan

Rangsang Sekresi

Mengkoagu
lasikan
susu

Pankreas :
Keberadaan
chyme asam
dari
lambung
mengaktifka
n duodenum
untuk
menghasilka
n:
1)

Sekretin,
yang secara
hormonal
merangsang
aliran getah
pankreas.

Tripsin

Tripsinogen
dikonversi menjadi
tripin aktif oleh
enterokinase usus
halus pada pH 5,26,0, autokatalitik

Protein Peptida

Polipeptida
dipeptida

Khimotripsin

Disekresikan
sebagai
khimotripsinogen
dan diubah
menjadi bentuk
aktif oleh tripsin,
pH 8,0

Protein Peptida

Sama seperti
Tripsin, berdaya
Koagulan susu
yang lebih besar

Elatase

Disekresikan
sebagai
proelastase dan
diubah menjadi
bentuk aktif oleh
tripsin

Protein Peptida

Polipeptida
Dipeptida

Karbosipeptidse

Disekresikan
sebagai
prokarboksipeptida
se, yang diaktivkan
oleh tripsin

Polipeptida pada
ujung karboksil
bebas pada
rantainya

Peptida pendek.
Asam Amino
Bebas

Amilase
Pankreatik

pH 7,1

Pati Glikogen

Maltose tambah
1:6 glukosida
(oligosakarida)
tambah
maltotriosa

2)
Kolesistokini
n, yang
merangsang
prodeksi
enzim

HASIL AKHIR PENCERNAAN

Lipase

Hati dan kandung

empedu:
Kolesistokinin,
hormon dari
mukosa usus
halus-dan mungkin
juga gastrin,dan
sekretinmerangsang
kandung empedu
dan sekresi
empedu oleh hati

Diaktifkan oleh
garam empedu,
fosfolipid, kolipase

Ikatan ester
primer pada
triasilgliserol

Asam lemak
monoasilgliserol,
diasigliserol,
gliserol

Ribonuklease

Asam
Ribonuklease

Nukleotida

Deoksiribonukleas
e

Asam
Deoksiribonukleat

Nukleotida

Hidrolase ester
kolesteril

Diaktifkan oleh
garam empedu

Ester
Kolesteril

Kolesterol bebas
tambah asam
lemak

Fosfolipase
A2

Disekresikan
sebagai proenzim,
diaktifkan oleh
tripsin, dan Ca2+

Fosfolipid

Asam lemak,
lisofosfolipid

Lemak juga
menetralkan
Khime Asam

Garam Empedu
Asam lemak
mengkonjugat,
dan
mengemulsihalus
kan misel garam
empedu lemak
netral, dan
liposom

(Garam empedu,
dan alkali)

HASIL AKHIR PENCERNAAN

Usus halus:
Sekresi kelenjar
Brunner pada
duodenum,dan
Kelenjar
Liberkhun

Aminopeptidase

Polipeptida pada
ujung amino
bebas rantainya

Peptida pendek,
asam amino
bebas

Dipeptidase

Dipeptida

Asam Amino

Sukrase

pH 5,0-7,0

Sukrosa

Fruktosa,
glukosa

Maltase

p H 5,8-6,2

Maltosa

Glukosa

Laktase

pH 5,4-6,0

Laktosa

Glukosa,
Glaktosa

Trehalaso

Glukosa

Fosfat organik

Fosfat bebas

Isomaltase atau
1:6 glukosidase

1:6 glukosida

Glukosa

Polinukleotidase

Asam nukleat

nukleotida

Nukleosidase
(fosforilase
nukleosida)

Nukleosida purin
atau primidin

Basa purin atau

pirimidin,
pentosa fosfat

Trehalase

Fosfatase

pH8,6