GASTRULATION IN

AMPHIBIANS
If we look at a cross section of
an embryo of the frog Xenopus,
we can see that at this point it is a
ball of cells with a fluid-filled
cavity. The cavity is the
blastocoels, and the embryo is in
the blastula stage of development.
A blastula contains large yolkfilled cells at the vegetal pole and
smaller cells at the animal pole.

The three colors repredent the

three tissue layers that become
defined early in embryogenesis.
Yellow indicates endoderm, red
indicates mesoderm, and blue
indicates ectoderm.

At the beginning of
gastrulation, a few surface
cells, called bottle cells,
constrict at their apical ends
and expand at their basal ends.
These cells move into the
interior of the embryo,
followed by other surface cells.
We can track the movement of
cells into the embryo if we add
dye to a few surface cells.

The movement of cells into

the embryo creates a lip, called
the dorsal lip, over which
sheets of cells continue to
move inside. At the same time,
the ectoderm extends around
the embryos surface in a
process called epiboly. As
gastrulation proceeds, a cavity,
called the archenteron, forms
while the blastocoel shrinks.

The archenteron is the

primitive gut and is completely
surrounded by endodermal
tissue. The endoderm at the
roof of the cavity originated
from the outside, via the
blastopore, which eventually
becomes the anus of the
animal.

As the ectoderm extend

around the embryo, another set
of bottle cells forms. These
cells migrate into embryo, and
other surface cells follow them,
creating the ventral lip of the
blastopore.

By the end of gastrulation,

the ectoderm has surrounded
the embryo, endoderm lines the
inside, and mesoderm lies
between the two. Additionally,
the fates of specific regions
have become determined.

The endoderm gives rise to

the digestive and respiratory
tracts and associated structures.
The mesoderm gives rise to the
skeleton, circulation system,
muscles, excretory system, and
most of the reproductive
system. The ectoderm gives
rise to the skin, sense organs,
and nervous system.

Gastrulation in Aves
In the chick, the process of
gastrulation is prolonged and highly
modified than that of frog and
Amphioxus. It is already started
when the egg of chick is laid and
completes well into the second day
of incubation. The main
characteristic of avian gastrulation is
primitive streak.

The main characteristic of

gastrulation Aves is the area element
of the primitive (primitive streak). This
area initially appears as a thickening
in the middle of the posterior part
pelucida area due to the migration of
cells to the center of the area
posteriolateral pelucida area. Part
thickening narrows, moves anteriorly
and constricted forming a trench
called the primitive elements.

The arches are called primitive

grooves and act as blastoporus. At
the anterior end of the thickening
called Hensen node (Hensen node).
The central portion shaped as a node
Hensen wells and through the edges
will be traversed by the cells that
enter the cavity of the blastula.

Gastrulation in Aves carried by cells that move

independently and coordinated, from the
outside into the embryo, rather than through
movement along the cell in the form of a slab.
Gastrulation in the form Aves archentron not
true. After the endoderm is formed, which
becomes archentron is topped subgerminal
cavity bounded by the endoderm, is essentially
the yolk. These cells move anteriorly, joining
hipoblast hipoblas and eventually replace the
anterior part of the embryo.

The next cell that goes through Hensen node

also moves anteriorly, but did not move as
far as going to the endoderm. These cells
remain in the epiblast and endoderm to form
the mesoderm and notochord head. Cells
that enter this all moves anteriorly, pushing
the middle to upper epiblast and eventually
formed folds head. Meanwhile, more and
more cells migrate in through the primitive
elements that enter into the cavity of the
blastula after they split off into two
directions, one to go deeper and join
hipoblast hipoblast and pushing to the edge.

These cells will form all the organs of

endodermal and most of the extra-embryonic
membranes. The second group spreads to
form a sheet that lies between the epiblast
and hipoblas. These slabs that form part of
the embryonic mesoderm and extraembryonic membranes. While the formation of
the mesoderm takes place, the primitive
elements began retracts so Hensen node in
the middle of moving the location of the area
pellucida be located in the posterior part.

In other words, Hensen node moves

posteriorly and the posterior notochord is
formed. Eventually shifted node reaches the
most posterior position and shape anal area.
At this stage it would be entirely composed of
epiblast cells to the ectoderm that surrounds
the yolk berepiboli. Gastrulation has been
completed with the establishment eksoderm,
replacement hipoblas with endoderm and
mesoderm in between lay the two layers.