Chapter 11

Filters and Tuned Amplifiers

Passive LC Filters
Inductorless Filters
Active-RC Filters
Switched Capacitors

Filter Transmission, Types and Specification

Linear Filters
Transfer Function
T( s )

Vo ( s )
Vi( s )

The Filter Transmisson found by evaluating T(s) for physical frequencies

s

T j

T j e

j( )

Gain Function
G

20 log T j

dB

Attenuation Function
A

20 log T j

dB

Filter Specification

Specification of the transmission characteristics of a lowpass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just
meets specifications is also shown.

Frequency-Selection function
Passing
Stopping
Pass-Band
Low-Pass
High-Pass
Band-Pass
Band-Stop
Band-Reject

Passband ripple
Ripple bandwidth

Summary Low-pass specs

-the passband edge, wp
-the maximum allowed variation in passband, Amax
-the stopband edge, ws
-the minimum required stopband attenuation, Amin

Filter Specification

Transmission specifications for a bandpass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just meets
specifications is also shown. Note that this particular filter has a monotonically decreasing
transmission in the passband on both sides of the peak frequency.

Exercises 11.1 and 11.2

The Filter Transfer Function

Pole-zero pattern for the low-pass filter
whose transmission is shown.
This filter is of the fifth order (N = 5.)

transfer function zeros or transmission zeros

T( s )

s p1 s p2 s p3 s pN

aM s z1 s z2 s z3 s zM

transfer function poles or the natural poles

The Filter Transfer Function

Pole-zero pattern for the bandpass filter whose transmission is shown. This filter is of the sixth order (N = 6.)

Butterworth Filters

The magnitude response of a Butterworth filter.

Butterworth Filters

Magnitude response for Butterworth filters of various order with

= 1. Note that as the order increases, the response approaches the
ideal brickwall type transmission.

Butterworth Filters

Graphical construction for determining the poles of a Butterworth filter of order N. All the
poles lie in the left half of the s-plane on a circle of radius 0 = p(1/)1/N, where is the
passband deviation parameter :
(a) the general case, (b) N = 2, (c) N = 3, (d) N = 4.

Chebyshev Filters

Sketches of the transmission characteristics of a representative even- and oddorder Chebyshev filters.

First-Order Filter Functions

First-Order Filter Functions

First-Order Filter Functions

Fig. 11.14 First-order all-pass filter.

Second-Order Filter Functions

Second-Order Filter Functions

Second-Order Filter Functions

The Second-order LCR Resonator

Realization of various second-order filter functions using the LCR resonator of Fig. 11.17(b): (a) general structure, (b) LP, (c) HP,
(d) BP, (e) notch at 0, (f) general notch, (g) LPN (n 0), (h) LPN as s , (i) HPN (n < 0).

The Second-Order Active Filter Inductor Replacement

The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit. (b) Analysis of the circuit assuming ideal op
amps. The order of the analysis steps is indicated by the circled numbers.

The Second-Order Active Filter Inductor Replacement

The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit.

Analysis of the circuit assuming ideal op amps. The order of the analysis steps is indicated
by the circled numbers.

The Second-Order Active Filter Inductor Replacement

Realizations for the various second-order filter functions using the op amp-RC resonator of
Fig. 11.21 (b). (a) LP; (b) HP; (c) BP, (d) notch at 0;

The Second-Order Active Filter Inductor Replacement

(e) LPN, n 0; (f) HPN, n 0; (g) all-pass. The circuits are based on the LCR circuits in Fig.
11.18. Design equations are given in Table 11.1.

The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop

K s

Vhp
Vi

Vhp

s s

1
Q

o
s

o
Q
Vhp

Two integrations of signal

Vhp

K Vi

with time constant

Vhp

o
1 o
K Vi
Vhp
Vhp
Q s
2
s

Summing Point

o
s

Vhp

The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop

Circuit Implementation

The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop

Circuit Design and Performance

a 1 2 40

b 1 2 20
3

w0 2 10

K 3

w 100 700 a

Q 0.1 0.2b

a b

a 2
w0
2
j

a a Q
K j w

j 1

w0

The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop

Exercise 11.21

The Second-Order Active Filter Two-Integrator-Loop

Derivation of an alternative two-integrator-loop biquad in which all op amps are used in a

single-ended fashion. The resulting circuit in (b) is known as the Tow-Thomas biquad.

Fig. 11.26 The Tow-Thomas biquad with feedforward. The transfer function of Eq. (11.68)
is realized by feeding the input signal through appropriate components to the inputs of the
three op amps. This circuit can realize all special second-order functions. The design
equations are given in Table 11.2.

Fig. 11.37 A two-integrator-loop active-RC biquad and its switched-capacitor counterpart.

Fig. 11.47 Obtaining a second-order narrow-band bandpass filter by transforming a first-order lowpass filter. (a) Pole of the first-order filter in the p-plane. (b) Applying the transformation s = p +
j0 and adding a complex conjugate pole results in the poles of the second-order bandpass filter.
(c) Magnitude response of the firs-order low-pass filter. (d) Magnitude response of the secondorder bandpass filter.

Fig. 11.48 Obtaining the poles and the frequency response of a fourth-order stagger-tuned
narrow-band bandpass amplifier by transforming a second-order low-pass maximally flat
response.