THE CONCEPT OF CELL

Kiagus M Arsyad
Dept of Medical Biology and
Andrology
Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya
University

What cell is it ?

Cell is a basic structural and functional

of all living organism
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COMPETENCY :

Student be able to
implemented the basic
principles of the
biomedical sciences in
practice as family doctor.
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COMPETENCY AREA
:
To synthesize medical and
health problems based on
Biomedical sciences approach,
To propose the intervention
plan based on scientific
approach.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES :
1.

2.

3.

To synthesize the cells as the smallest

organisme as etiological factor of diseases in
Human (C5).
To synthesize the cell as the smallest unit of the
body and its relationship to whole body systems
in human (C5)
To synthesize the endogenic and exogenic
factors influences on the cell and its impact to
health and ill in human (C5),

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LEARNING CONTENTS
1.

2.

3.

THE CELL AS A SMALLEST

ORGANISM,
THE CELL AS A SMALLEST UNIT
OF THE LIVING ORGANISM,
THE AIM OF HEALTHY CELL
CONCEPT

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1. The type of single cell organism,

2. The role of single cell on health and ill
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1.1. THE TYPE OF SINGLE CELL

ORGANISME

a)
b)

a)
b)
c)

Kingdom Prokaryote
Bacteria :
Gram negative Bacteria
Gram Positive Bacteria
Bacteria distinguished by their shape :
Coccus
Bacillus
Sprillium
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1.2. THE ROLE OF SINGLE CELL ON

HEALHT AND ILL
A. The benefits of bacteria to human :
1.

2.

3.
4.

The breakdown of plant and animal

remains and the recycling of Nitrogen,
carbon and phosphorus
Symbiotic relationship with other
organism, supply vit K and B for human,
Manufacturing process,
Easily cultured and used for research;
such as in genetic engineering,
antibiotic,a.a, enzymes, SPC

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1.2. THE ROLE OF SINGLE CELL

ON HEALHT AND ILL
1.
2.
3.
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Almost bacteria are pathogen,

Heterotrophy,
Saprobiont,
Fort de entry to human body
Air
Water
Food
Wound
Equipment
Animals
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1. The structure and function of cell,

2. The role of cell on health and ill

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RUDOLF VIRCHOW
(1855)
Where a cell exists, there must
have been a preexisting cell, just
as the animal arise only from an
animal and the plant only from a
plant

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SYSTEM

ORGAN

TISSUE

CELL

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2.1.1.THE STRUCTURES OF C E
LL

1.

2.

3.

There are 3 structures of cell :

Chemical Structure:
a. inorganic (water, mineral),
b. organic (protein, lipid,
carbohydrate).
Physical Structure (colloidal cellular,
membrane permeability and osmosis)
Biological Structure (cell wall, plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,
nuclear membrane)
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells of A Typical Animal

Cell

Organelles:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

nucleolus
nucleus
ribosome
vesicle
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
(6) Golgi apparatus
(7) cytoskeleton
(8) smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
(9) mitochondria
(10) vacuole
(11) cytosol
(12) lysosome
(13) centriole

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Table 2. Comparison of structures between animal and

plant cells
Typical animal cell
Typical plant cell
Organelles

Nucleus
Nucleolus (within nucleus)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Centrosome
Centrioles

Nucleus
Nucleolus (within nucleus)
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus (dictiosomes)
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Vesicles
Chloroplast and other plastids
Central vacuole (large)
Tonoplast (central vacuole
membrane)
Peroxisome
Vacuoles
Glyoxysome

Additional
structures

Cilium
Flagellum
Plasma membrane

Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Flagellum (only in gametes)

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PLASMA MEMBRANE

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2.1.2. THE FUNCTION OF CELL

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Produce :
enzymes, hormones, new cells,
Metabolism,
Produce energy
Transport
Information
Defense
Cell therapy

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3. Produce energy

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3. Produce energy

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2.2. THE ROLE OF CELL ON HEALTH AND

ILL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

8.

Cell recycle related to cell life and death :

Life span : permanent cell, stable cell, labile cell,
Cell death : necrosis, apoptosis,
Aging Process
Abnormal growth: Hyperplasia, Dysplasia,
Neoplasm, Anaplasia, Benign Tumor, Malignant
cancer,
Growth and Repair,
Cell division distribute a set identical
chromosomes to daughter cell, DNA, Hereditary
factor, Gene,
Most of the diseases are due to malfunction of cells,
to cell death or to cells wrong multiplication rate.

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Growth and Repair, aging and abnormal cell related to cel

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Over growth, de growth,

uncontrolled growth related to cell
cycle control

A molecular control mechanism rules

cell cycle,
The cell Cycle check point,
The cell cycle clock,
Internal and external factors support
the cell cycle control,

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Cell therapy

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The Causes of Diseases related to

cell defense, Metabolism,
malfunction, others
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Infectious diseases,
Congenital diseases,
Degenerative diseases,
Mental illness,
Human Inflicted diseases,
Deficiency diseases,

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3. THE AIM OF HEALTHY CELL

CONCEPT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cell food,
Cell Exercise
Cell environment
Cell Protection
Healthy mental attitude

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3.1. CELL FOOD

The nuorishment our cells

need can be found in pure,
whole, natural, fresh foods, as
well as in high-quality
nutritional supplements.

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The Organogram of Nutrigenomics

Nutrigenetics :
How genetic variation influences
responsiveness to nutrient intake
Nutrigenomics :
How nutrients influence gene
expression

Systems

Transcriptomics : RNA
Proteomics : Proteins
Metabolomics : Metabolites

Nutritional phenotyping
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Biology

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PRE-ILL
CONDITION

BAD LIFE STYLE

ENVIRONTMENT

CHRONIC PROCESS

LONGTERM
MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCY

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SYSTEMIC
DISEASES
SYMPTOMPS
APPEAR

TREATMENT
JUST FOR
THE SYMPTOM
NOT THE CAUSE

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3.2. CELL
EXERCISE
Our cells depend on exercise

to remain healthy.
Exercise provide srength,
endurance, flexibility, and
mental allertness, and is an
excellent stress-reliever,
Exercise thus promotes
overall good health

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4.3. CELL ENVIRONMENT

1.
2.

3.

Our environment is important,

The water we drink and use
and the air we breathe affect
each cell in our bodies,
We need a clean environment
to live well

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The factors influencing healthy life

Endogenic Factors
Cellular

Tissue
Anatomical

Organ

Healthy Life,

Environment

Life-Style

Exogenic Factors

(modified from Boedhi-Darmojo,1994)

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Causal model of risk factors for

CVD
Morbidity and Mortality
(Stroke, MI)

Biological Risk Factors

(Hypertension, Blood Lipids, Homocysteine)

Genetic Risk Factors

(Family History)

Behavioral Risk Factors

(Cigarette, Diet, Exercise)

Environmental Factors
(Socioeconomic Status, Work Environment)

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4.4. CELL PROTECTION

1.

2.

3.
4.

The best defense against

disease is our immune system,
It can do all that we ask if we
nourish it properly,
get enough rest,
And learn how to manage stress

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4.5. HEALTHY MENTAL

ATTITUDE

It has been scientifically proven

that a positive attitude makes
you feel better and even helps
you fight disease,
Laughter is still best medicine
and happiness gives us extra
strenght
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The main Book

reference :
1.

2.

3.

Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology 8th

Edition, Mc Graw Hill Higher Education,
Boston, 2004
Understanding Biology for Advanced
Level Gleen and Susan Toole,
Stanley Thorney Pub. Ltd,
Cheltenham,UK 1999, Hal. 213-259
Biology, 5th Ed. Campbell,NA, Reece,JB,
Mitchel,LG, Addison Wesley Longman,
Inc., New York 1999. Hal. 913 935

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