PHYSICS 231

INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS I

Lecture 5

Main points of last lecture

Range (yi=yf): R

Relative velocity:

Newtons Laws:

vbe = vbr + vre

1. If r F = 0, velocity doesnt change.

2.
r

3. F12

Newtons Third Law

F12
Force on 1 due to 2

Single isolated force cannot exist

For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
Action and Reaction Forces act on different
objects

Free-body Diagram

Draw arrows for all

forces racting ON object
If F the object is
in equilibrium (at rest
or constant v)
Otherwise, find
r

acceleration by F

Ignore rotational motion for now.

Treat object as a particle.

Example 4.1
Two blocks sit on a frictionless table. The masses are
M1=2 kg and M2=3 Kg. A horizontal force F=5 N
is applied to Block 1.
1. What is the acceleration of the blocks?
2. What is the force of block 1 on block 2?
F
M1 M2

1. a = 1 m/s2
2. F21= 3 N

Mechanical Forces

Gravity: w=mg (down)

Normal forces
Strings, ropes and Pulleys
Friction
Springs (later)

Rules for Ropes and Pulleys

Force from rope points AWAY from
object
(Rope can only pull)
Magnitude of the force is Tension
Tension is same everywhere in the rope
Tension does not change when going
over pulley

Approximations: Neglect mass of rope and pulley,

neglect friction in pulley

Example 4.2
I pull a 5 kg mass up with a rope, so that it
accelerates 2 m/s2. What is the tension in the rope?

T = 59 N

Example 4.3 - Atwood Machine

a) Find acceleration
b) Find T, the tension in the
string
c) Find force ceiling must exert
on pulley
5 kg

a) a = g/6 = 1.635 m/s2

b) T = 57.2 N
c) Fpulley=2T = 114.5 N

7 kg

Example 4.4a
Which statements are correct?
Assume the objects are in static
equilibrium.

T1 is _____ T2
A) Less than
B) Equal to
C) Greater than

cos(10o)=0.985
sin(10o)=0.173

Example 4.4b
Which statements are correct?
Assume the objects are static.

T2 is ______ T3

A) Less than
B) Equal to
C) Greater than

cos(10o)=0.985
sin(10o)=0.173

Example 4.4c
Which statements are correct?
Assume the objects are static.

T3 is ______ Mg
A) Less than
B) Equal to
C) Greater than

cos(10o)=0.985
sin(10o)=0.173

Example 4.4d
Which statements are correct?
Assume the objects are static.

T1+T2 is ______ Mg
A) Less than
B) Equal to
C) Greater than

cos(10o)=0.985
sin(10o)=0.173

Example 4.4

Given that Mlight = 25 kg, find all three tensions

T3 = 245.3 N, T1 = 147.4 N, T2 = 195.7 N

Cable Pull Demo

Inclined Planes
Choose x along the
incline and y
perpendicular to incline
Replace force of gravity
with its components

Fg,x

30.0

Example 4.5

Find the acceleration and the tension

a = 4.43 m/s2, T= 53.7 N

Example 4.6

Find M such that the box slides at constant v

M=15.6 kg

Frictional Forces
RESISTIVE force between object and neighbors
or the medium
Examples:
Sliding a box
Air resistance
Rolling resistance

Sliding Friction

Parallel to surface,
opposing direction of motion
~ independent of
the area of contact
Depends on the surfaces in contact
Object at rest: Static friction
Object in motion: Kinetic friction

Static Friction, s

fs

Just enough force to

keep object at rest.
s is coefficient of
static friction
N is the normal force

Kinetic
Friction, k

fk = kN

k is coefficient of
kinetic friction
Friction force opposes
direction of motion
N is the normal force

f
F

Coefficients
of Friction
f

Example 4.7

The man pushes/pulls with a force of 200 N. The

child and sled combo has a mass of 30 kg and the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15. For each case:
What is the frictional force opposing his efforts?
What is the acceleration of the child?
f=59 N, a=3.80 m/s2

f=29.1 N, a=4.8 m/s2

Example 4.8

Given m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 5 kg:

a) What value of s would stop the block from sliding?
b) If the box is sliding and k = 0.2, what is the
acceleration?
c) What is the tension of the rope?

a) s = 0.5

b) a=1.96 m/s2

c) 39.25 N

Example 4.9

What is the minimum s required to

prevent a sled from slipping down a
hill of slope 30 degrees?

s = 0.577

Other kinds of friction

Air resistance, F ~ Area v2
Rolling resistance, F ~ v

Terminal velocity:

Fresistance

Coffee Filter Demo

Example 4.9
An elevator falls with acceleration a = 8.0 m/s2.
If a 200-lb person stood on a bathroom scale
during the fall, what would the scale read?

36.9 lbs

Accelerating Reference Frames

Equivalent to Fictitious gravitational force

g fictitious

Fictitious Force: Derivation

x

Eq. of motion in fixed frame

x0 (t)

F-maf looks like force in new frame,

maf acts like fake gravitational force!

Example 4.10
You are calibrating an accelerometer so that you can
measure the steady horizontal acceleration of a car by
measuring the angle a ball swings backwards.
If M = 2.5 kg and the acceleration, a = 3.0 m/s2:
a) At what angle does the ball swing backwards?
b) What is the tension in the string?

=17 deg
T= 25.6 N

Example 4.11a
A fisherman catches a 20 lb trout
(mass=9.072 kg), and takes the trout in
an elevator to the 78th floor to
impress his girl friend, who is the CEO
of a large accounting firm. The fish is
hanging on a scale, which reads 20 lb.s
while the fisherman is stationary.
Later, he returns via the elevator to
the ground floor with the fish still
hanging
from the
scale.
In
the instant
just
after the elevator
begins to move upward, the reading on
the scale will be ______________ 20
lbs.
a) Greater than
b) Less than
c) Equal to

Example 4.11b
A fisherman catches a 20 lb trout (mass=9.072
kg), and takes the trout in an elevator to the
78th floor to impress his girl friend, who is
the CEO of a large accounting firm. The fish is
hanging on a scale, which reads 20 lb.s while
the fisherman is stationary. Later, he returns
via the elevator to the ground floor with the
fish still hanging from the scale.

On the way back down, while descending

at constant velocity, the reading on
the scale will be ________________ 20
lbs.
a) Greater than
b) Less than
c) Equal to

Example 4.11c
A fisherman catches a 20 lb trout (mass=9.072
kg), and takes the trout in an elevator to the
78th floor to impress his girl friend, who is
the CEO of a large accounting firm. The fish is
hanging on a scale, which reads 20 lb.s while
the fisherman is stationary. Later, he returns
via the elevator to the ground floor with the
fish still hanging from the scale.

In the instant just before the elevator

comes to a stop on the 78th floor, the
mass of the fish will be ______________
9.072 kg.
a) Greater than
b) Less than
c) Equal to