Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OUTLINE
PART I: INTRODUCTION
o RATIONALE, AIMS, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
PART I:
INTRODUCTION
I. RATIONALE:
POLITENESS PLAYS A DOMINANT ROLE IN COMUNICATION, ESPECIALLY
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION.
LANGUAGE
LEARNERS
SOMETIMES
CANNOT
COMMUNICATE
LANGUAGE IS TAUGHT
PART I:
INTRODUCTION
II. AIMS OF THE STUDY
1. AIMS
2. OBJECTIVES
3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
WHAT KINDS OF POLITE STRATEGIES ARE USED IN CONVERSATIONS IN
THE CHOSEN MATERIAL?
HOW FREQUENTLY ARE THE IDENTIFIED STRATEGIES USED?
PART I:
INTRODUCTION
III. SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
MAIN FOCUS: POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS IN
CONVERSATIONS.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION: MODEL OF
POLITENESS PROPOSED BY BROWN AND
LEVINSON
ANALYSIS BASED ON TRANSCIPTION =>
TONE, INTONATION, NOVERBAL ASPECTS
ARE OUT OF THE SCOPE.
PART II:
DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW
I. SPEECH ACT
THEORY
WHAT IS SPEECH
ACT
FRISTLY PROPOSED BY AUSTIN (1962): BY
SAYING SOMETHING, WE DO SOMETHING
YULE (1996): ACTIONS VIA UTTERANCES
SPEECH ACTS CONSIST OF THREE RELATED
ACTS: LOCUTIONARY ACT, ILLOCUTIONARY
ACT, PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
WHAT IS SPEECH
ACT
locutionary act
illocutionary act
perlocutionary act
3 DIMENSIONS OF A SPEECH ACT
CANT BE SEPARATED
FOUND IN ANY UTTERANCES
SPEECH ACT
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS PERFORMED:
THERERE 5 TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
o representatives
o directives
o commissives
o expressives
o declaratives
REPRESENTATIVES
The speaker asserts a proposition to be true
Statements of facts, assertions, conclusions
The speaker makes words fit the world
Ex:
o The earth goes around the sun.
o It rains a lot in this area.
DIRECTIVES
the
speaker
tries
to
make
the
hearer
something
Commands, orders, requests, suggestions
The speaker makes word fit the world.
Ex:
o Give me the book.
o Could you show me the way to the station?
do
COMMISSIVES
the speaker commits himself (or herself) to a
(future) course of action
Threatens, warnings, refusals
The speaker is responsible for making words fit
the world.
ex:
o I wont give you any money.
o Ill be back soon.
EXPRESSIVES
the speaker expresses an attitude to or about a
state of affairs
The states caused by either the speaker or the
hearers action but experienced by the speaker.
Statements
of
pleasure,
likes,
dislikes,
compliments, praises
The speaker makes words fit the world.
Ex:
o Im sorry.
o That sounds great!
DECLARATIONS
the speaker alters the external status or condition
of an object or situation, solely by making the
utterance
the speaker has to have a special institutional
role
Excommunicating, declaring war, christening,
firing from employment, and pronouncing
someone guilty or pronouncing someone husband
and wife
Ex;
o Youre fired.
DIRECT AND
INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
CLASSIFY SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO THEIR
BASIC STRUCTURE
DIRECT SPEECH ACTS
DIRECT SPEECH
ACTS
A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
FUNCTION OF A SPEECH ACT WITH ITS
STRUCTURAL FORM
3 TYPES OF DIRECT SPEECH ACTS
SPEECH ACT
SENTENCE TYPE
FUNCTION
ASSERTIONS
DECLARATIVE
CONVEY INFO
QUESTIONS
INTERROGATIVE
ELECIT INFO
GET OTHERS TO
BEHAVE IN CERTAIN
WAYS
INDIRECT SPEECH
ACTS
NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A
STRUCTURE AND A FUNCTION
AN UTTERANCE CONTAINING AN IFID FOR ONE
KIND OF ILLOCUTION BUT FUNTIONING AS
ANOTHER
II. POLITENESS
WHAT IS
POLITENESS?
Brown
and
Levinson:
participants
have
THE NOTION OF
FACE
Yule: face is the public self-image that everyone
expects others to recognize
Brown
and
Levinson:
face
is
something
or
enhanced,
and
must
be
THE NOTION OF
FACE
Face consists of two related aspects:
Negative face: the desire for freedom of action and
by others
Face threatening acts: speech acts that threaten the
face wants
POLITENESS
STRATEGIES
Used to save the hearers face or avoid face
threatening acts
4 types of politeness strategies (Brown and Levinson)
Bald On Record
Negative Politeness
Positive Politeness
Off-Record-indirect
BALD-ON RECORD
does nothing to minimize threats to the hearer's
face
Mitigating devices: would you/please => soften
the demand.
Categorized
into
two
types
(by
Brown
Levinson)
Cases of non-minimization of the face threat
Cases of FTA-oriented bald on-record
and
BALD-ON RECORD
EX:
Lend me your pen!
I want to use your pen.
POLITENESS
STRATEGY
recognizes hearers face
admits that S is in some way imposing on hearer
concerns with distance and formality
Could you lend me a pen?
Im sorry to bother you, but can I ask you for a pen or
something?
POLITENESS
STRATEGY
shows S recognize that the hearer has a face to
be respected.
confirms that the relationship is friendly and
expresses group reciprocity
Ex:
Is it O.K. if I use one of your pens?
How about lending me one of your pens?
OFF-RECORD
S tries not to directly impose the hearer
the hearer infers the implicated meaning in their
utterances
Ss intention might be misunderstood.
Ex:
Oh, I left my pen at home.
It seems Ive lost my pen.
Hmm, I wonder where I put my pen.
THE CHOICE OF
STRATEGIES
the choice involves the three following factors:
the social distance,
the relative power,
the ranking of impositions.
SOCIAL DISTANCE
the relationship between the participants
Higher degree of social distance => the use of
more formal language
Excuse me sir, can you explain this to us?
Hey, tell me what this means!
POWER
each person in society has a different rank of
power
The more power an individual has, the more
respect that person can earn from the
surroundings
there are five types of power: (according to
Thomas J):
Reward power
Coercive power
Legitimate power
Referent power
Expert power
THE SIZE OF
IMPOSITION
the importance or degree of difficulty in the
situation
The higher the size of imposition => the more
polite S is expected to be.
III. PREVIOUS
RELATED STUDIES
PREVIOUS RELATED
STUDIES
Leech, Brown and Levinson: famous for their
studies on politeness
Many studies related to politeness built upon their
theories
Suko Winarsih (2009) explored the cooperative
principle and politeness principle in radio
broadcasting conversations
Yongliang Huang (2008) carried out a study on
politeness
strategies
in
cross-cultural
communication to help language learners avoid
misunderstanding caused by cultural barrier
PREVIOUS RELATED
STUDIES
Ivona Baresova (2008), explored politeness
strategies employed to convey rejection in two
different cultures, American and Japanese
Liu Peng, Lingling Cai, and Xianjun Tan (2012) did
a Research on College Teachers' Politeness
Strategies in EFL Classrooms
Nguyen Mai Nha Trang (2012) did a research to
compare
politeness
strategies
used
by
Vietnamese and America teachers in giving
advice
CHAPTER 2:
METHODOLOGY
TYPE OF RESEARCH
quantitative and qualitative method
o qualitative method: the data are utterances taking the
form of words and sentences
o quantitative method: synthesizing conversations and
determining the frequency of politeness strategies
the
transcription
of
conversations
COLLECTION:
using
the
tape-script
of
DATA ANALYSIS
The following steps are conducted to examine the
data:
Classify utterances from the conversations in the
book according to the type of illocutionary acts
Describe the frequency of politeness strategies
proposed by Brown and Levinson in each type of
illocutionary acts.
Draw conclusions: which kind of politeness
strategies is the most often used in each kind of
speech acts and in total
NO.
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
REPRESENTATIVES
1
2
2
DIRECTIVES
1
2
3
COMMISISVES
1
2
4
EXPRESSIVES
1
2
DECLARATIVES
CHAPTER 3:
FINDINGS
politeness strategies in
representatives
No. Types of PT
Number
Percentage
Bald-on record
40
32.26%
Positive
45
36.29%
Negative
39
31.45%
Off-record
124
100%
Total:
politeness strategies
in directives
No. Types of PT
Number
Percentage
Bald-on record
64
38.32%
Positive
67
40.12%
Negative
30
17.97%
Off-record
3.59%
167
100%
Total
politeness strategies in
expressives
No.
Types of PT
Number
Percent
Bald-on record
23.08%
Positive
12
46.15%
Negative
30.77%
Off-record
0%
26
100%
Total:
politeness strategies in
commissives
No. Types of politeness strategies Number
Percent
13.64%
15
68.18%
18.18%
Off-record strategy
0%
22
100%
Total:
politeness strategies in
declaratives
no declarative speech acts are found
of politeness
strategies
No.
Types of PT
Number
Percentage
113
33.34%
Positive politeness
139
41%
Negative politeness
81
23.89%
Off-record strategy
1.77%
339
100%
Total
PART 3:
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
IN THIS PAPER, THE AUTHOR AIMS AT
o Discovering what types of politeness strategies are
applied in general and in certain types of speech acts in
conversations in listening section of the book Real
Listening and Speaking 3
o Describing the frequency of the strategies
MAIN FINDINGS:
o All politeness strategies in Brown and Levinsons model
are used; among them positive politeness strategy is the
most dominant.
o In directives,
Speakers use all types of strategies.
However,
in
representatives,
expressives
and
commissives, off-record strategy is not exploited.
SUMMARY
IMPLICATIONS:
o equip students with an understanding of cross-cultural
communication and the role of politeness strategies
o teaching a language should be closely connected with
teaching its functions rather than focus too much on
structure
LIMITATIONS
this study focuses only on investigating the politeness