Chapter 13 States of

Matter

Enduring understandings:

1. State of matter depends on IMA strength and speed of

molecules.
2. Atomic-scale motion can be altered by adding or removing
thermal
energy (heat), or by altering the air pressure acting on the
sample.
3. Graphs and charts are helpful in quantifying state of matter
relationships.
4. Temperature is a measure of the average KE of a molecule in a
sample.

Atomic scale view of matter

Particle motion visualization click here.

Changes of state name them!

SL
LS

SG

GS

LG

GL

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Particles

in a gas are small, hard

spheres with insignificant volume.

Motion
All

is rapid, constant, and random.

collisions between particles in a gas

are considered perfectly elastic (occur
with a loss of energy).

Question

How fast is an average air molecule

moving in this room right now?

Speed of air molecules at

298 K

Speed depends on the identity of the molecule, and

all O2 molecules dont all travel the same speed!

Comparing two samples one

warm, one cold.
Back to evap. pag
e

When we take the temperature of a sample, what are we

measuring?

Gas pressure results from

the force caused by
collisions of gas particles
Pressure is defined as force/area.
with an object

Tires can go flat without a leak

How can the force that each
molecule exerts on the
The force is strong
with this molecule
tire wall change?
Pressure is determined by 2 actions:
- speed of particle & frequency of collisions

Barometer

Measures air pressure

Mercury is dense but a column of it
can be held up by the force
of air molecules pushing on it!
Pressure units:
mm

Hg, in Hg, kPa, atm, torr

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr

Manometers
Open to
atmospher
ic pressure

open and closed types

Confined gas exerts a pressur
on the surface of Hg(l)
Open manometer: difference
heights indicates pressure
difference from atmospheric
pressure.

What am I called?

What am I called?
Sphygmomanometer!!

Units of Pressure

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa = 760

torr

A pressure gauge records a pressure

of 450 kPa. What is this
measurement expressed in
atmospheres and mm of Hg?

Kinetic Energy &

Temperature

Energy of movement
We use the average kinetic energy
At 25 C, ions in table salt, water
molecules, and helium gas molecules
all have same average kinetic energy
As Temp increases, KE increases

Average KE & Kelvin

Temperature

Liquids
Back to KE curve

Evaporation is a surface
phenomenon

What happens if I cover the

container?

Equilibrium vapor pressure

You can measure the
pressure of the
confined vapor. The
pressure depends on
the temperature of
the liquid.
Equilibrium
condition:
Rate of evap = rate of
condensation

What happens when vapor pressure equals atmospheric

pressure?

Manometer used to
measure vapor pressure

Solids

Two types:

Allotropes of carbon:

What state of matter am I?

Interpreting
phase

phase diagrams:

boundaries
Critical and triple point
Normal mp and bp
practice

CO2 phase diagram

Asupercritical fluidis any substance at a

temperatureandpressureabove itscritical point,
where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.
It caneffusethrough solids like a gas,
anddissolvematerials like a liquid. In addition,
close to the critical point, small changes in
pressure or temperature result in large changes
indensity, allowing many properties of a
supercritical fluid to be "fine-tuned". Supercritical
fluids are suitable as a substitute
fororganicsolventsin a range of industrial and
laboratory processes.Carbon dioxideand water
are the most commonly used supercritical fluids,
being used fordecaffeinationandpower
generation, respectively.

Who am I?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=2mimXPlD2OU