Potensial membran:

Peristiwa listrik yang timbul di

membran
Mekanisme dasar: transport membran
Berdasarkan waktu timbulnya:

- potensial membran istirahat

potensial istirahat
- potensial membran waktu terjadinya
aksi potensial aksi

Potensial membran:

Na+
Ca2+
Anion

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

K+
Anion

Potensial
membran
timbul akibat
dari

Difusi ion

Transport aktif
(pompa ion)

Mekanisme terbentuknya potensial membran:

K+

Dalam keadaan channel

terbuka (leak):
Ion K lebih mudah
berdifusi dari pada ion
Na
Dengan perkataan lain:

Na+

Channel lebih permiabel

terhadap K daripada
terhadap ion Na

Mekanisme terbentuknya potensial membran

3 Na+

Dalam keadaan
channel tertutup:

2 K+
ATP

ADP

Pompa Na-K akan

mengeluarkan
kembali ion Na dan
memasukkan
kembali ion K

Mekanisme terbentuknya potensial membran

A. Potensial
membran
akibat difusi
ion K
B. Potensial
membran
akibat difusi
ion K dan ion
Na

Mekanisme terbentuknya potensial membran

C. Potensial
membran
akibat
- difusi K+
- difusi
Na+
- aktifitas
pompa
Na+-K+

Mekanisme terbentuknya potensial aksi

K+

Bila syaraf distimulasi:

Terjadi peningkatan
permiabelitas
membran channel
terbuka

Na+

Akan tetapi channel

lebih permiabel
terhadap Ion Na

Mekanisme terbentuknya potensial aksi

Potensial Aksi :
Potensial membran istirahat (polarisasi)

stimulasi
Difusi ion Na ke dalam sel depolarisasi
Overshoot: depolarisasi mencapai di atas 0

mV

Diffusi ion K ke luar sel repolarisasi

Transport aktif ion Na dan ion K (pompa

Na+-K+) ion Na kembali keluar sel dan ion

K kembali ke dalam sel

Polarisasi

Penyebaran potensial aksi

Sel syaraf:
Dua macam :
- Mempunyai
mielin
- Tidak mempunyai
mielin
mielin

Sel syaraf bermielin

Penyebaran potensial aksi

Saltatory conduction

Hubungan syaraf-syaraf pada suatu sel syaraf:

Synaps

Hubungan syaraf-syaraf pada suatu sel syaraf

Ujung terminal syaraf

Penyebaran potensial aksi

ke serat syaraf berikutnya
Melalui synaps
Neuro-transmitter
- Asetilkolin

Direction of
nerve impulse

Neurotransmitters are
released when impulse
reaches synaptic knob

Axon
Ca+2

Synaptic knob

Synaptic
vesicles

Presynaptic neuron

Ca

+2

Cell body or dendrite

of postsynaptic neuron

Mitochondrion

Ca+2

Synaptic
vesicle
Vesicle releasing
neurotransmitter
Axon
membrane
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
Polarized
membrane

(a)

Depolarized
membrane
19

Penyebaran potensial aksi ke otot:

Myoneural junction

Penyebaran potensial aksi

dari syaraf ke otot:
neuro-muscular transmision
Melalui myo-neural junction
Neuro-transmitter
- Asetilkolin

1. An action potential arrives at the

presynaptic terminal causing voltage
gated Ca2+ channels to open,
increasing the Ca2+ permeability of
the presynaptic terminal.
2. Ca2+ enters the presynaptic terminal
and initiates the release of a
neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh),
from synaptic vesicles in the
presynaptic terminal.
3. Diffusion of ACh across the synaptic
cleft and binding of ACh to ACh
receptors on the postsynaptic muscle
fiber membrane causes an increase in
the permeability of ligand-gated Na+
channels.
4. The increase in Na+ permeability
results in depolarization of the
postsynaptic membrane; once
threshold has been reached a
postsynaptic action potential results.

Action
Ca2+
Presynaptic potential
channel terminal

Ca2+

Presynaptic
terminal

ACh
Acetic
acid

Synaptic
vesicle

Synaptic cleft

Choline
2

ACh

Na+
ACh
3

Synaptic
cleft ACh

5
4

Action
potential

Na+

Receptor
molecule

5. Once ACh is released into the synaptic cleft it binds to the receptors for
ACh on the postsynaptic membrane and causes Na+ channels to open.
6. ACh is rapidly broken down in the synaptic cleft by
etylcholinesterase to acetic acid and choline.
7. The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal and combined
with acetic acid to form more ACh, which enters synaptic vesicles.
Acetic acid is taken up by many cell types.

Choline

Acetic
acid
6

receptor
site

Action
potential
Postsynaptic
membrane Acetylcholinesterase
Na+

Action
Ca
Presynaptic potential
channel terminal
2+

Ca2+

An action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal causing voltage

gated Ca2+ channels to open, increasing the Ca2+ permeability of
the presynaptic terminal.

Ca2+

Presynaptic
Ca2+
channel terminal

ACh

Ca2+ enters the presynaptic terminal and initiates the release of a

neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), from synaptic vesicles in the
presynaptic terminal.

Synaptic cleft

Na+

Na+

ACh

Receptor
molecule

Diffusion of ACh across the synaptic cleft and binding of ACh to ACh
receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber membrane causes an
increase in the permeability of ligand-gated Na+ channels.

Na+

Action
potential

Na+

Action
potential

The increase in Na+ permeability results in depolarization of the

postsynaptic membrane; once threshold has been reached a
postsynaptic action potential results.

ACh
Synaptic ACh
receptor
cleft
site

Postsynaptic
membrane
Na+

Once ACh is released into the synaptic cleft it binds to the receptors for
ACh on the postsynaptic membrane and causes Na+ channels to open.

ACh

Choline Acetic
acid
ACh
receptor
site

Acetylcholinesterase

ACh is rapidly broken down in the synaptic cleft by

acetylcholinesterase to acetic acid and choline.

Presynaptic
terminal

ACh
Acetic
acid

Synaptic
vesicle

ACh

Choline

Choline

The choline is reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal and combined

with acetic acid to form more ACh, which enters synaptic vesicles.

Choline Acetic
acid

Acetic acid is taken up by many cell types.

Please note that due to differing

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