PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Fundamental of Physics
Chapter 4
Pham Hong Quang

E-mail: quangph@pvu.edu.vn

Hanoi, August 2011

Chapter 4 Motion of a System of Particles and

of a Rigid Object
4.1 Linear Momentum and Its Conservation
4.2 Conservation of Energy and Momentum
in Collisions
4.3 Center of Mass
4.4 Rotational Motion
4.5 Rotational Energy
4.6 Rotational Inertia
4.7 Total Mechanical Energy
4.8 Parallel Axis Theorem
4.9 Torque and Momentum
4.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum
4.11 Work in Rotational Motion
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

4.1 Linear Momentum and Its Conservation

Conservation of Momentum

Law of Conservation of Momentum - The

total momentum of an isolated system of
bodies remains constant.
Isolated system - one in which the only
forces present are those between the objects
of the system.
Momentum before = momentum after
m1vi1 + m2vi2 = m1vf1 + m2vf2

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

4.2 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in

Collisions
Momentum is
conserved in all
collisions.
Collisions in which
kinetic energy is
conserved as well are
called elastic
collisions, and those
in which it is not are
called inelastic.

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

4.2 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in

Collisions
Here we have two
objects colliding
elastically. We know the
masses and the initial
speeds.
Since both momentum
and kinetic energy are
conserved, we can write
two equations. This
allows us to solve for the
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Fundamental Science Department

4.2 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in

Collisions

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

4.2 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in

Collisions
Suppose that the masses and initial velocities of
both particles are known.
Equations 9.15 and 9.19 can be solved for the
final speeds in terms of the initial speeds because
there are two equations and two unknowns:

It is important to remember that the

appropriate signs for v1i and v2i must be
included in Equations 9.20 and 9.21.
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

4.2 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in

Collisions
If m1=m2 , then v1f=v2i and v2f=v1i
That is, the particles exchange speeds if they
have equal masses.
If particle 2 is initially at rest, then and
Equations 9.20 and 9.21 become

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

4.3 Center o Mass

In (a), the divers motion is pure translation; in (b) it
is translation plus rotation.
There is one point that moves in the same path a
particle would take if subjected to the same force as
the diver. This point is called the center of mass
(CM).

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

4.3 Center of Mass

The general motion of an object can be
considered as the sum of the translational
motion of the CM, plus rotational, vibration or
other forms of motion about the CM.

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.3 Center of Mass

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4.3 Center of Mass

The center of gravity is the
point where the gravitational
force can be considered to
act. It is the same as the
center of mass as long as the
gravitational force does not
vary among different parts of
the object.
The center of gravity can be
found experimentally by
suspending an object from
different points. The CM need
not be within the actual
object a doughnuts CM is in
the
of the hole.
Pham center
Hong Quang
Fundamental Science Department

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4.3 Center off Mass

The total momentum of a system of
particles is equal to the product of
the total mass and the velocity of
the center of mass.
The sum of all the forces acting on
a system is equal to the total mass
of the system multiplied by the
acceleration of the center of mass:

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.4 Rotational Motion

Rotational and Linear Kinematics
Rotational
Motion

Quantity

Linear
Motion

Position

Displacement

Velocity

Acceleration
Time

a
t

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.4 Rotational Motion

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4.4 Rotational Motion

Centripetal
Force

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4.5 Rotational Energy

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4.6 Rotational Inertia

The rotational inertia for a collection of
particles is defined as:
I mi ri 2
i

The rotational kinetic energy KER of a rigid

object rotating with an angular speed
about a fixed axis and having a rotational of
inertia I is
Requirement: must be expressed in rad/s.
SI Unit of Rotational Kinetic Energy: joule
(J)
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Fundamental Science Department

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4.6 Rotational Inertia

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.6 Rotational Inertia

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.6 Rotational Inertia

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4.7 Total mechanical Energy

An object that undergoes combined rotational and
translation motion has two types of kinetic
energy:
(1)a rotational kinetic energy due to its rotation
about its center of mass
(2)a translational kinetic energy due to translation
of its center of mass. The total mechanical
energy is:

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.8 Parallel Axis Theorem

This theorem will allow us to calculate the
moment of inertia of any rotating body around
any axis, provided we know the moment of
inertia about the center of mass.

It basically states that the Moment of Inertia ( Ip)

around any axis "P" is equal to the known moment of
inertia (Icm) about some center of mass plus M ( the
total mass of the system) times the square of "d"
( the distance between
two
parallel axes)
Fundamentalthe
Science
Department

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4.9 Torque and Momentum

Torque: magnitude and
direction

rF

Pham Hong Quang

r.F . sin r .F r.F

Fundamental Science Department

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4.9 Torque and Momentum

Angular
momentum
magnitude and
direction

L r P I

L r.P. sin r .P r.P

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.9 Torque and Momentum

Relation between Torque and
Momentum

dL dr dP

P r
r F
dt
dt
dt

Here

dr
v
dt

dr
P v P 0
dt

and

dP

dt

The net torque acting on a particle is equal to the

time rate of change of its angular momentum.
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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4.9 Torque and Momentum

Second Newton Law in Rotational
motion
Becau
se:

L r P I

Then

Here:

Pham Hong Quang

dL
d

I
I
dt
dt

dt

Fundamental Science Department

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4.9 Torque and Momentum

An
example

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4.9 Torque and Momentum

Solution

mgb z 0

L r m v bmgt z 0

dL
bmg z 0
dt

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum

From

Then

ext

dL

dt

If

ext

L cons tan t

if the net external torque

acting on a system is zero,
the total vector angular
momentum of the system
remains constant

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Fundamental Science Department

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4.11 Work in Rotational Motion

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4.12 Summary: Angular and Linear quantities

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Fundamental Science Department

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Thank you!

Nguyen Van A

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