We hate numbers, we dont like

Experiences with the

unknown power?

Phenomenology
deals with individuals (maybe 1015)
lived
experience
on
a
phenomenon or a problem in term
called encounters. For example,
you might interview 15 widows and
ask
them
to
describe
their
experiences of the deaths of their
husbands. You might interview
students who have experiences and
encounters with bullies

foundational question: What is the

meaning, structure and essence of
the
lived
experience
of
this
phenomenon by an individual or by
many individuals?

search for commonalities across

individuals
(rather
than
only
focusing on what is unique to a
single individual). For example, what
are the essences of peoples'
experience of the death of a loved
one?

Ethnography
focuses on describing the culture of
a group of people. Note that a culture
is the shared attitudes, values,
norms, practices, language, rituals
and material things of a group of
people. For example, you might
decide to go and live in Mangyan
communities and study their culture
and health practices. You may live
with people who belonged to the
third sex to understand their lives,
problems, coping mechanisms and
alike

foundational question: What are the

cultural characteristics of this group
of people or of this cultural scene?

Ethnology, the comparative study

of cultural groups

Ethnohistory, the study of the

cultural past of a group of people

Ethnocentrism., judging others

based on your cultural standards

Is it poverty in our own

making?
Case study research
focus on providing a detailed
account on one or more cases. For
an example, you might study cases
of drop out students and find out the
reason why. Or you might study the
life of the people in the garbage
dumpsite area who later on become
successful businessmen

foundational question: What are the

characteristics of this single case or
a comparison of many cases?

applies multiple methods of data

collection that are often used in case
study research (e.g., interviews,
observation,
ethnography,
oral
history, questionnaires, etc.)

final report is rich (e.g., vivid and

detailed) and holistic (e.g., describes
the whole and its parts) description
of the case and its context.

Grounded theory
done to generate and develop a
theory from data that the researcher
collects. For example, you might
collect data from 20-30 parents and
who have pulled their children out of
public schools and develop a theory
explaining how and why this
phenomenon
occurs,
ultimately
developing a theory of school pullout. Or you might develop a theory
on how and why the people of
Marinduque are selling their votes to
the traditional and clan politicians

Pulled out from

school!

foundational question: What theory

or explanation emerges from an
analysis of the data collected about
this phenomenon?

final report should include a

detailed and clear description of the
grounded theory

Dimension

Approach or Subtype
Phenomenology

Ethnography

Case Study

Grounded Theory

Research
purpose

To describe one
or more
individuals
experiences of a
phenomenon

To describe the
cultural
characteristics of
a group of people
or their cultural
practices /
changes

To describe one
or more cases indepth and
address the
research
questions or
issues

To inductively
generate a
theory describing
and explaining a
phenomenon

Primary data
collection

In-depth
interviews with
10-15 people

Participantobservation
(POA) with a
group of people
over an extended
period of time

Use of multiple
methods
(interviews,
document
analysis, POA,
etc.)

In-depth
interviews with
20-30 people and
observation with
them

Data analysis
approach

Write their
narratives, get
the meanings of
their narratives
and identify the
essence of the
phenomenon

Holistically
describe them
and look for
cultural themes

Holistic
description (with
combination of
narratives,
statistics,
documents, etc)
and look for
cultural themes

Begin with open

coding of the
result of
interviews and
observations,
then axial coding
and end with
selective coding

Narrative report
focus

Rich description
of the
characteristics
and essences of
the peoples
experiences

Rich description
of context and
cultural themes

Rich description
of the cases
context, themes,
issues and their
implications

Description of
the topic and
people studies
and end with the
presentation of
the theory. List
of propositions
may also be

Historiography
about events that occurred in the past.
For example, you might study the use of
corporeal punishment in schools in the
19th century. You might study how
political clientilism becomes a culture in
Marinduque or how Islamic extremism
occurred in Sulu.
not a mere accumulation of facts and
dates or even a description of past
events
Ethnohistory, the study of the cultural
Why a rise on extremism in thepast of a group of people, their past
indigenous,
folkloric,
rural,
etc.
Philippines?
knowledges
Prosopography, the techniques are
more akin to profiling of biographical
details (family background, childhood
events,
educational
background,
religion, etc.) that are found in common
or in the aggregate among a group of
peoplee.g. heads of states, political
leaders, generals, professors, terrorists
and/or elites in society.

How it is to be
rural?
What is rurality?

Hermeneutics
considered as both philosophy and a
specific mode of analysis, provides
the philosophical grounding for
interpretivism. As a mode of analysis,
it suggests a way of understanding
textual data.

primarily concerned with the

meaning of a text or text-analogue,
wherein its meaning can be cultural,
political, economic, geographical,
technological, social relationship,
oppression, migration, etc. The basic
question in hermeneutics is: What is
the meaning of this text?
Example of hermeneutic analysis is
the case of rurality. How rurality as
a text-analogue is defined by both the
outsider and the insider. The aim is
to dig out how the people make sense
of rurality as a whole and the
relationship between people and the
organisation among themsocial,
political, economic, ecological, etc.

Narrative analysis
A narrative is a "tale, story, recital of
facts, especially story told in the first
person." There are many kinds of
narrative, from oral narrative through
historical narrative. Metaphor is the
application of a name or descriptive
term or phrase to an object or action
to which it is not literally applicable
(e.g. a window in Windows 98)
Narrative and metaphor have long
been key terms in literary discussion
and analysis. It includes metaphor
and
symbolism
in
indigenous
cultures, oral narrative, narrative and
metaphor in organizations, metaphor
and
medicine,
metaphor
and
psychiatry, etc.
Sources of data in narrative analysis
studies are, but often include case
studies, existing documents (such as
archives and records), forms of media
(newspaper, audio accounts), etc.

Cockfighting, an avenue
between the rich and the poor
interaction

Participatory Action Research

involves individuals and groups
researching
their
own
personal
beings, socio-cultural settings and
experiences. They reflect on their
values, shared realities, collective
meanings,
needs
and
goals.
Knowledge is generated and power is
regained through deliberate actions
that nurture, empower and liberate
persons and groups. The researcher
works in partnership with participants
throughout the research process.
example of PAR study involved
researchers working with parents of
children with physical disabilities to
PAR involves groups of
discover environmental situations
individuals researching about a which
presented
substantial
certain problem and later on
challenges to their children. Through
focus groups and individual interviews
reflect and shared their
with number of families, participants
experiences in generating
identified the environmental factors
knowledge.
which supported or hindered the daily
activities of their children (Law, 1992).

Secondary Analysis
the re-analysis of data that was
originally compiled by another
researcher for other purposes than
the one the present researcher
intends to use it for
example are compiled criminal
reports, which can be analysed to
understand the rise and fall of
certain actor.
often, secondary analysis involve
adding an additional variable to an
existing dataset. This variable will be
something that the researcher
collects on their own, from another
dataset or from another source of
information
related technique is the metaanalysis of several different studies
dealing with the same research
question. It is decidedly quantitative,
but involves some of the same
sorting and coding techniques
found in qualitative research

Thank you, because we have just

finished Chapter 6

Dont you worry.I will not give you

any linking up activity papers! Just
read my lectures!