Course MCA

Lecture 20
11/9/8

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 Data Link Protocol
• A DLL protocol is a set of specifications
used to implement the data link layer.
– Asynchronous protocol
• AP treat each character in a bit stream
independently.
– Synchronous protocol
• SP take the whole bit stream and chop it into
characters of equal size.

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synchronous
11010 00111 10101 10101 10101

Asynchronous

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

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 Asynchronous protocol

• XMODEM
• YMODEM
• ZMODEM
• BLAST
• Kermit
• Others

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 Synchronous protocol

• Character-oriented protocols (also called

byte oriented protocol)
– The frame or packet is interpreted as a series
of characters.
– BCS (Binary Synchronous Communication)
• Bit-oriented protocols
– The frame or packet is interpreted as a series
of bits.

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 Bit-oriented protocols
• SDLC (synchronous data link control)
• HDLC (High-level data link control)
• LAPs (link access protocol)
• LANs

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 HDLC Protocol
• It supports both half-duplex and full-duplex
communication over point-to-point and multipoint
links.
• HDLC characterized by:
• Station Type
• Configurations
• Modes of communication

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 Station Type

• Primary station
• Secondary station
• Combined station

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 Configurations

• The word configuration refers to the

relationship of hardware devices on a link.
Primary station, Secondary station and
Combined station can be configured in
three ways:
– Unbalanced Configuration
– Symmetrical Configuration
– Balanced Configuration

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 Unbalanced Configuration

• Also called a master/slave configuration

• Primary device controlling several
secondaries devices.

Primary secondary secondary

command

response response

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 Symmetrical Configuration

• A SC is one in which each physical station

on a link consists of two logical stations,
one is primary and other is secondary.

Primary secondary

command
response

command
response
secondary Primary
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 Balanced Configuration

• A BC is one in which both stations in a

point-to-pint topology are of the combined
type. The stations are linked by a single
line that can be controlled by either station

combined combined
Command/response
Command/response

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 HDLC Modes
NRM ARM ABM

Station type Primary & Primary & Combined

Secondary Secondary

Initiator Primary Either Any

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 U-Frame
• Code divide into two sections:
– 2bits prefix before P/F bit
– 3bits suffix after P/F bit
Together, these two segment (5bits) can be used to
create upto 32 different types of U-Frame

1 1 P/F

codes codes 28
 U-frame
code code command response
00 001 SNRM
11 011 SNRME
11 000 SARM DM
11 010 SARME
11 100 SABM
11 110 SABME
00 000 UI UI
00 110 UA
00 010 DISC RD (req disconn)
10 000 SIM RIM
00 100 UP
11 001 RSET
11 101 XID XID
10 001 FRMR 29
 U-Frame
SNRM Set NRM
SNRME Extended
SARM Set ARM
SARME Extended
SABM Set ABM
SABME Extended
UI Unnumbered information
DM Disconnect mode
DISC Disconnect
SIM Set initialization mode
UP Unnumbered poll
RSET Reset
XID Exchange ID
FRMR Frame reject
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