Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9:
Simple Harmonic Motion
(6 Hours)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Learning Outcome:
9.1 Simple harmonic motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter,
students should be able to:
a) Explain SHM as periodic
motion without loss of energy.
b)
REMARKS :
Examples
:
simple
pendulum,
frictionless
horizontal
and
vertical
spring oscillations.
d x
2
a 2 x
dt
2
PHYSICS 025
9.1 Simple harmonic motion
CHAPTER 9
where
(9.1)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
a x
PHYSICS 025
o
CHAPTER 9
1
frequency , f
period
The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Fs
m
x
Figure 9.1a
6
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Fs
m
O
x
Fs a
Figure 9.1b
Figure 9.1c
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Exercise
A particle in simple harmonic motion
makes 20 complete oscillations in 5.0
s. what is
a. the frequency
b. the period
of the motion
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution:
20
a. frequency, f =
Hz 4.0 Hz
5.0
b. period, T = 1 1 s 0.25s
f
4.0
PHYSICS 025
Learning Outcome:
CHAPTER 9
dt
ii) acceleration,
dv d 2 x
a
2 2 x
dt dt
1
K m 2 A2 x 2
2
1
m 2 x 2
2
10
PHYSICS 025
9.2 Kinematics of SHM
CHAPTER 9
9.2.1Displacement, x
S
A
Figure 9.6
Simulation 9.3
A
x1
N
M
P 0 1
2
3
2
A
11
(rad)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
x1 A sin t
amplitude
angular time
frequency
The S.I. unit of displacement is metre (m).
Phase
It is the time-varying quantity t .
Its unit is radian.
12
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
x A sin t
t = 0 s, x = +A
x A sin t
A A sin 0
rad
A O A
2
Equation : x A sin t OR x A cos t
13
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
x A sin t
A A sin 0
rad OR rad
2
A O A
2
Equation : x A sin t
OR x A sin t
2
b. At
t = 0 s, x = A
c. At
x A cos t
t = 0 s, x = 0
, but v = vmax
vmax
OR
A
Equation :
x A sin t
OR
x A sin t
14
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
9.2.2 Velocity, v
dx
v
and x A sin t
dt
d
v A sin(t )
dt
d
v A sin(t )
dt
v A cos(t )
(9.5)
vmax A
(9.6)
15
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
If
v A cos t
x A sin t
x
sin t
A
(2)
cos t 1 sin 2 t
16
(3)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
x
v A 1
A
x
2
2
v A A 2
A
v A x
2
(9.7)
17
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
9.2.3 Acceleration, a
dv
a
and v A cos t
dt
d
a A cos(t )
dt
d
a A cos(t )
dt
a A 2 sin(t )
(9.8)
amax A 2
(9.9)
18
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
If
a A sin t
2
a 2 x
19
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Caution :
Some of the reference books use other general equation for
displacement in SHM such as
x A cos t
(9.10)
dx
v
A sin(t )
dt
(9.11)
dt
20
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
1 2
2
and
k m
U kx
2
1
(9.13)
U m 2 x 2
2
1
U m 2 x 2 and x A sin t
2
1
U m 2 A2 sin 2 t
2
21
(9.14)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Kinetic energy, K
The kinetic energy of the object in SHM is given by
1 2
K mv and v A2 x 2
2
1
2
2
2
(9.15)
K m A x
2
1 2
K mv and v A cos t
2
1
K m 2 A2 cos 2 t
2
22
(9.16)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Total energy, E
The total energy of a body in SHM is the sum of its kinetic
energy, K and its potential energy, U .
E K U
E K U constant
1
1
2
2
2
2 2
E m A x m x
2
2
1
E m 2 A2
(9.17)
2
OR
1
2
E kA
2
Simulation 9.4
(9.18)
23
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 3 :
x 5.00 sin 2t
2
t = 2.00 s,
d. the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the object.
24
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
a. By comparing
thus
i.
A 5.00 cm
ii.
2 rad s 1 and 2f
2f 2
f 1.00 Hz
1
f
T
1
1.00
T
T 1.00 s
rad
2
25
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
b. i. Differentiating x respect to time, thus
dx d
v
5.00 sin 2t
dt dt
2
v 5.00 2 cos 2t
2
v 10.0 cos 2t
2
26
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
b. ii. Differentiating v respect to time, thus
dv d
a
10.0 cos 2t
dt dt
2
a 10.0 2 sin 2t
2
2
a 20.0 sin 2t
2
27
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
c. For t = 2.00 s
i. The displacement of the object is
x 5.00 cm
OR
v A2 x 2
2
2
v 2 5.00 5.00
v 0.00 cm s 1
28
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
c. For t = 2.00 s
iii. The acceleration of the object is
2
2
2
a 20.0 cm s 197 cm s
2
OR
a 2 x
a 2 5.00
a 20.0 2 cm s 2 197 cm s 2
2
29
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
d. i. The maximum speed of the object is given by
vmax A
vmax 5.00 2
1
vmax 10.0 cm s
amax 2 A
amax 2 5.00
2
amax 20.0 cm s
2
30
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 4 :
The length of a simple pendulum is 75.0 cm and it is released at an
angle 8 to the vertical. Calculate
a. the frequency of the oscillation,
b. the pendulums bob speed when it passes through the lowest
point of the swing.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Solution :
A
A
m
A
31
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution : L 0.75 m; 8
a. The frequency of the simple pendulum oscillation is
1
L
f and T 2
T
g
1 g
f
2 L
1 9.81
f
f 0.576 Hz
2 0.75
vmax L sin 8 2f
vmax
vmax 0.378 m s 1
32
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 5 :
A body hanging from one end of a vertical spring performs vertical
SHM. The distance between two points, at which the speed of the
body is zero is 7.5 cm. If the time taken for the body to move
between the two points is 0.17 s, Determine
a. the amplitude of the motion,
b. the frequency of the motion,
c. the maximum acceleration of body in the motion.
Solution :
a. The amplitude is
7.5 10 2
A
3.75 10 2 m
2
A
7.5 cm O
t 0.17 s
T 2t 2 0.17
T 0.34 s
33
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
b. Therefore the frequency of the motion is
1
1
f
T 0.34
f 2.94 Hz
c. From the equation of the maximum acceleration in SHM, hence
amax A and 2f
2
amax A 2f
2
2
amax 3.75 10 2 2.94
amax 12.8 m s 2
2
34
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 6 :
An object of mass 450 g oscillates from a vertically hanging light
spring once every 0.55 s. The oscillation of the mass-spring is
started by being compressed 10 cm from the equilibrium position
and released.
a. Write down the equation giving the objects displacement as a
function of time.
b. How long will the object take to get to the equilibrium position
for the first time?
c. Calculate
i. the maximum speed of the object,
ii. the maximum acceleration of the object.
35
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
10 cm
t 0
2
2
T
0.55
11.4 rad s 1
x A sin t
A A sin 0
10 cm
rad
2 as a function of time is
Therefore the equation of the displacement
0
x A sin t
x 10 sin 11.4t
2
OR
x 10 cos11.4t
PHYSICS 025
Solution : m
CHAPTER 9
0.450 kg; T 0.55 s
x 10 sin
0 10 sin
11.4t
2
11.4t
2
OR
T 0.55
t
4
4
t 0.138 s
11.4t sin 1 0
2
11.4t
2
t 0.138 s
37
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
vmax A
vmax 0.111.4
vmax 1.14 m s 1
amax A 2
2
amax 0.111.4
amax 13.0 m s 2
38
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 7 :
An object of mass 50.0 g is connected to a spring with a force
constant of 35.0 N m-1 oscillates on a horizontal frictionless surface
with an amplitude of 4.00 cm. Determine
a. the total energy of the system,
b. the speed of the object when the position is 1.00 cm,
c. the kinetic and potential energy when the position is 3.00 cm.
Solution : m 50.0 10 3 kg; k 35.0 N m 1 ; A 4.00 10 2 m
a. By applying the equation of the total energy in SHM, thus
1 2
E kA
2
1
2 2
E 35.0 4.00 10
2
E 2.80 10 2 J
39
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution : m 50.0 10
v A x
2
k
v
m
and
A2 x 2
35.0
v
3
50.0 10
4.00 10 1.00 10
2 2
v 1.03 m s 1
40
2 2
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution : m 50.0 10
1
2
2
2
2
and
k
K m A x
2
1
K k A2 x 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
K 35.0 4.00 10 3.00 10
2
K 1.23 10 2 J
1 2
U kx
2
1
U 35.0 3.00 10 2
2
U 1.58 10 2 J
41
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Exercise 9.1 :
1. A mass which hangs from the end of a vertical helical spring is
in SHM of amplitude 2.0 cm. If three complete oscillations take
4.0 s, determine the acceleration of the mass
a. at the equilibrium position,
b. when the displacement is maximum.
ANS. : U think ; 44.4 cm s2
2. A body of mass 2.0 kg moves in simple harmonic motion. The
displacement x from the equilibrium position at time t is given
by
x 6.0 sin 2 t
6
rad
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
2
A
2
43
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Learning Outcome:
9.3 Graphs of SHM (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
displacement - time
velocity - time
acceleration - time
energy - displacement
44
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
If = 0 , thus x A sin t
Period
Amplitude
0
A
T
4
T
2
3T
4
Simulation 9.5
Figure 9.7
45
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
For examples:
a. At
t = 0 s, x = +A
Equation: x A sin t
2
Graph of x against t:
OR
x A cos t
T
4
T
2
3T
4
46
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
b. At t = 0 s, x = A
Equation: x A sin
3
t
2
OR
OR x A sin t
2
x A cos t
Graph of x against t:
x
A
T
4
T
2
3T
4
T t
47
PHYSICS 025
c. At
CHAPTER 9
t = 0 s, x = 0, but v = vmax
Equation:
x A sin t
OR
x A sin t
Graph of x against t:
x
A
T
4
T
2
3T
4
48
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
x 5 cm sin 3t
2
From the expression,
2
2
T s
3 rad s
3
T
Sketch the x against t graph for equation x 5 sin 3t
the amplitude, A 5 cm
the angular frequency,
x (cm)
T5
4
2
3
1
3
49
t (s)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
T
Because of rad t
hence shift the y-axis to the
2
4 left by T
Sketch the new graph.
4
x (cm)
5
0
RULES
If
1
3
t (s)
2
3
= negative value
= positive value
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
If = 0 , thus v A cos t
The velocity-time graph is shown in Figure 9.8.
T
4
T
2
3T
4
A
Figure 9.8
51
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
v A x
2
A
Figure 9.9
52
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
T
2
3T
4
If = 0 , thus a A sin t
The acceleration-time graph is shown in Figure 9.10.
A 2
T
4
A 2
Figure 9.10
53
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
a x
2
A 2
A 2
Figure 9.11
The gradient of the a-x graph represents
gradient, m 2
54
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
1
K m 2 A2 x 2
2
1
; U m 2 x 2
2
and
1
E m 2 A2
2
1
E m 2 A2 constant
2
Figure 9.12
1
U m 2 x 2
2
1
K m 2 A2 x 2
2
x
55
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Energy
1
E m 2 A2
2
1
U m 2 A2 sin 2 t
2
1
K m 2 A2 cos 2 t
2
t
Simulation 9.6
Figure 9.13
56
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 8 :
The displacement of an oscillating object as a function of time is
shown in Figure 9.14.
x (cm)
15.0
0. 8
t (s)
15.0
Figure 9.14
From the graph above, determine for these oscillations
a. the amplitude, the period and the frequency,
b. the angular frequency,
c. the equation of displacement as a function of time,
d. the equation of velocity and acceleration as a function of time.
57
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
a. From the graph,
Amplitude,
A 0.15 m
Period,
T 0.8 s
1
1
Frequency,
T 0 .8
f 1.25 Hz
2 2
T
0.8
2.5 rad s 1
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
d. i. The equation of velocity as a function of time is
dx d
v
0.15 sin 2.5t
dt dt
v 0.15 2.5 cos 2.5t
v 0.375 cos 2.5t
where v is in m s 1 and t is in seconds.
dv d
a
0.375 cos 2.5t
dt dt
a 0.375 2.5 sin 2.5t
2
a 0.938 sin 2.5t
where a is in m s 2 and t is in seconds.
59
PHYSICS 025
Example 9 :
4.00
CHAPTER 9
a ( m s 2 )
0.80
4.00 x (cm)
0.80
Figure 9.15
Figure 9.15 shows the relationship between the acceleration a and
its displacement x from a fixed point for a body of mass 2.50 kg at
which executes SHM. Determine
a. the amplitude,
b. the period,
c. the maximum speed of the body,
d. the total energy of the body.
60
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution : m 2.50 kg
2
a. The amplitude of the motion is A 4.00 10 m
2
b. From the graph, the maximum acceleration is amax 0.80 m s
By using the equation of maximum acceleration, thus
2
amax A and2
T
2
amax A
T
2 2
0.80 4.00 10
T
T 1.40 s
2
y2 y1
0 0.80
2
gradient
x2 x1 0 4.00 10 2
2
2
T 1.40 s
20
T 61
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution : m 2.50 kg
c. By applying the equation of the maximum speed, thus
2
vmax A and
T
2
vmax A
T
2 2
vmax 4.00 10
1 1.40
vmax 0.180 m s
1
E m 2 A2
2
1
2
E 2.50
2
1.40
E 4.03 10 2 J
4.00 10
2 2
62
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 10 :
x ( m)
0.2
3 4 5
t (s)
0.2
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.16 shows the displacement of an oscillating object of
mass 1.30 kg varying with time. The energy of the oscillating object
consists the kinetic and potential energies. Calculate
a. the angular frequency of the oscillation,
b. the sum of this two energy.
63
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution : m 1.30 kg
From the graph,
Amplitude,
A 0.2 m
Period,
T 4s
a. The angular frequency is given by
2 2
T
4
rad s 1
2
b. The sum of the kinetic and potential energies is
1
E m 2 A2
2
2
1
2
E 1.30 0.2
2
2
E 6.42 10 2 J
64
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
is defined as
For examples,
a. x
x1 A1 sin 1t 1
x2 A2 sin 2t 2
phase 2 phase1
2t 2 1t 1
A
0
x2
T
2
x1
x2 A cos t
OR
x2 A sin t
t
2
x1 A sin t
65
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
t t
2
rad
2
If
b. A
T
2
x1
x2
x2 A cos t
OR
x2 A sin t
t
2
x1 A sin t
66
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
t t
2
rad
2
If
x
c.
A
0
x2 A sin t
x2
T
2
x1
OR
x2 A sin t
x1 A sin t
67
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
If
t t
rad
= , xhence
2 is antiphase with the x1 and constant with
time.
d.
A
0
Simulation 9.7
Simulation 9.8
If
x2
T
2
x1
x2 A sin t
x1 A sin t
The phase difference is
t t t
0
= 0 , hence
x2 is in phase with the x1 and constant with
time.
68
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 11 :
x (cm)
4
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
t (s)
4
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.17 shows the variation of displacement, x with time, t for
an object in SHM.
a. Determine the amplitude, period and frequency of the motion.
b. Another SHM leads the SHM above by phase difference of
0.5 radian where the amplitude and period of both SHM are
the same. On the same axes, sketch the displacement, x
against
time, t graph for both SHM.
69
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
a. From the graph,
Amplitude,
A 4 cm
Period,
T 2.0 s
The frequency is given by
1
1
f
T 2.0
f 0.5 Hz
x1 A sin t
x1 A sin 2ft
x1 4 sin t
2
70
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Solution :
b. The 2nd SHM leads the 1st SHM by the phase difference of 0.5
t t
2
t t
2
2
x (cm)
rad
x2 4 sin t
x1
x2
1.0
2.0
3.0
71
t (s)
Summary :
PHYSICS 025
amax
max
vmax
amax
max
v A2 x 2
a 2 x
1 2
K mv
2
vmax
1 2
U kx
2
amax
T
4
A 2
1 2
kA
2
1
mA2 2
2
1 2
kA
2
1
mA2 2
2
1 2
kA
2
CHAPTER 9
T
A 0
2
3T
4
A 2
max
72
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Learning outcome
9.4 Period of simple harmonic motion
73
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Frequency (f)
is defined as the number of cycles in one second.
Its unit is hertz (Hz) :
1 Hz = 1 cycle s1 = 1 s1
Equation :
2f OR f
74
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Figure
x m P
O
mg sin mg cos
9.2
mg
75
PHYSICS 025
sin
: mg cos
CHAPTER 9
T mg cos
r
The restoring force, Fs contributed by the tangential
Fs mg sin
76
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
sin in radian
arc length, x of the bob becomes straight line (shown in
Figure 9.3) then
x
sin
L
thus
x
Fs mg
L
x
Figure 9.3
77
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
F ma F
Thus
a x
By comparing
Thus
g
a x
L
g
L
2
mgx
ma
L
g
a x
L
and
with
a 2 x
T
78
PHYSICS 025
Therefore
CHAPTER 9
L
T 2
g
where
(9.2)
Simulation 9.1
79
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
B. Spring-mass oscillation
Vertical spring oscillation
x1
F
O
F1
x
mg
Figure 9.4a
mg
Figure 9.4b
Figure 9.4c
80
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
F 0
F W 0
kx1 W 0
W kx1
F ma
F1 W ma and F1 k x1 x
k x1 x kx1 ma
k
a x
m
then
a x
a F
CHAPTER 9s
PHYSICS 025
Horizontal spring oscillation
Figure 9.5 shows a spring is
initially stretched with a
displacement, x = A and then
released.
According to Hookes law,
Fs kx
Then
executes
linear SHM
Figure 9.5
T
t
4
Fs
m
T
t
2
Fs 0
m
Fs ma
ma kx
k
a x
m
a x
t 0
Fs 0
m
3T
t 4
F
a
m
x A
82
x 0
t T
xA
PHYSICS 025
k
2
By comparing a
x with a x
m
2
k
2
Thus
and
T
m
Therefore
CHAPTER 9
m
T 2
k
where
(9.3)
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 1 :
A certain simple pendulum has a period on the Earth surfaces of
1.60 s. Determine the period of the simple pendulum on the
surface of Mars where its gravitational acceleration is 3.71 m s 2.
(Given the gravitational acceleration on the Earths surface is
g = 9.81 m s2)
2
2
Solution : TE 1.60 s; g E 9.81 m s ; g M 3.71 m s
The period of simple pendulum on the Earths surface is
l
TE 2
gE
(1)
l
TM 2
gM
(2)
84
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
TE
TM
TE
TM
; g M 3.71 m s 2
l
2
gE
l
2
gM
gM
gE
1.60
3.71
TM
9.81
TM 2.60 s
85
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
Example 2 :
A mass m at the end of a spring vibrates with a frequency of
0.88 Hz. When an additional mass of 1.25 kg is added to the mass
m, the frequency is 0.48 Hz. Calculate the value of m.
Solution : f1 0.88 Hz; f 2 0.48 Hz; m 1.25 kg
The frequency of the spring is given by
1
m
f1 and T1 2
T1
k
1 k
f1
2 m
(1)
1
f2
2
k
m m
(2)
86
PHYSICS 025
CHAPTER 9
f1
f2
1
2
m 1.25 kg
1
2
k
m
k
m m
f1
m m
f2
m
0.88
m 1.25
0.48
m
m 0.529 kg
87
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 9
THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 10 :
Mechanical waves
88