NEMATODA USUS

Parasitology Dept

 Infeksi cacing usus yang ditularkan melalui

tanah
(soil
transmitted
helminthiasis)merupakan
masalah
dunia
terutama di negara yang sedang berkembang.
Diperkirakan 1milyar penduduk dunia
menderita infeksi parasit cacing.
Prevalensi pada anak usia sekolahdasar di
Indonesia antara 60%-80%. Paling sering
disebabkan oleh Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris
trichiura dan cacing tambang.

Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis ( STH )

nematode infections
transmitted via soil medium
either
1. Ingestion of embryonated eggs
2. Skin penetration by infective
larvae
refers to these helminths:
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworms
Strongyloides stercoralis
Toxocara spp.

Commo
n STH
agents

Habitat of STH in host

Large intestine

Small intestine

Trichuris trichiura

A. lumbricoides
Hookworms
S. stercoralis

Infections STH associated

with:
Poverty and poor condition
Inadequate sanitation and water supplies
Soil quality and climate
Poor personal and environmental hygiene
Poor health awareness

Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris lumbricoides
Morphology

Ascariasis
Etiology: Ascaris lumbricoides ( roundworm )
Habitat : small intestine, especially jejunum and upper
ileum
Morphology:
Adult large, broad, cylindrical, tapers at both ends
- light cream pinkish whitish
- female bigger than male

Female
Male
spicule

Vulval opening
between anterior
and midlle 1/3
body

Ascaris mouth part

ventral view

3 fine toothed lips

2 ventral lips
1 dorsal lip
covered with sensory
papillae

Ascaris lumbricoides
Morphology

Egg consists of three layers (walls):

albuminoid (protein), hyaline, and
lipoid
Due to the albumin layer: corticated
or decorticated eggs
Due to the content: fertilized,
unfertilized, or infectious eggs
Eggs resistant to desiccation

Morphology:
Fertilized eggs:
Rounded, have a thick shell, with an
external mammillated layer that is often
stained brown by bile
Size: approximately 60 m in diameter
when spherical, and up to 75 m when
ovoid.
Unfertilize:
elongated and larger (up to 90 m in
length); their shell is thinner; and their
mammillated layer is more variable,
either with large protuberance

Ascaris eggs
fertilize
d

mammilate
d

semidecorticate
d

unfertilized

Ascaris lumbricoides
Life Cycle
Adult worms in small
intestine, produce eggs
which are excreted with
stool

Eggs cleavage under

optimal condition in
soil
embryonated eggs

tracheal migration

Ingested/swallowed by
human

Lung passage

Hatched in the upper

part of small intestine
Invade blood vessels

3 weeks

Prepaten Period: 2 months

Ancylostomatidae

Ancylostoma duodenale
Morphology
Reddish white worm, form
C-like appearance in
alcohol 70%
Female measures 10-13
mm in length, male is 811 mm with a
characteristic copulatory
bursa at the tail end
2 pairs of teeth

Necator americanus
Morphology
Female is 9-11 mm long
and male is 7-9 mm
long, copulatory bursa is
exist
Form S-like appearance
in alcohol 70%
cutting plates (chitin)

Adult Hookworms:
Ancylostoma duodenale
- 2 pairs of teeth

Necator americanus
- cutting plates (2 ventral + 2
dorsal)

Hookworm eggs
Oval, 65 x 40 um
Colorless, transparent hyaline
membrane
Segmented ovum with 4
blastomers
Clear space between egg and
ovum
Similar forms between two
species
Both polar ends are blunt

Trichiuris trichiura

Trichiuris trichiura
Morphology
Female
- larger
- whip-like
Anterior end
3/5 body length

Posterior end
2/5 body length
Contain intestine, reproductive organs

Male
- coiled
posterior

Trichuris trichiura eggs

Eggs in fresh feces

Eggs in external environment

- barrel shaped

- similar characteristics

- mucus plugs at both

ends

- embryonated larva inside

- unsegmented ovum

Enterobius vermicularis
(pin worm)

AHS

Distribution
Worldwide
E. vermicularis is one of the most
common childhood helminth
infections in the developed world
This infection more frequent in family
or community and in crowded
conditions such as ophanages,
hospital, school, etc.
AHS

Morphology
Adult worm
Small and white
Three lips surounding the mouth
Habitat is in the large intestine
(caecum and appendix), sometimes
in ascending colon and ileum

AHS

Morphology
Male
Size 100 m - 141 m
The posterior ends strongly curled ventrally and
has papilla
Female
Size 8 mm 13 mm
Pointed tail end
Vulva opens between the first and second thirds of
the body
When gravid, uterus filled with thousands of eggs
(ovipar)
AHS

Morphology

Pointed tail end

AHS

Curled tail
end

Morphology
Eggs
Size 50 m - 60 m x 20 m - 30 m
Asymmetrical; elongated oval and
flattened on one side
Transparent eggshell
Contains larvae
Obtained from anal swab

AHS

Morphology

Flattened side
AHS

Life Cycle
&
Transmissi
on
Infective stage:
Embryonated eggs
Diagnostic stage:
Eggs obtained from anal
swab

AHS

Life Cycle & Transmission

1. Eggs on perianal folds. Larvae inside the
eggs, matur within 4-6 hours at body
temperature.
2. Infection occurs by :
. Autoinfection : swallowed by hands
that have scratched the perianal area
. Retroinfection : the migration of
newly hatched larvae from the anal
skin back into the rectum
AHS

Life Cycle & Transmission

Some small number of eggs may
become airborne and inhaled.
Handling of contaminated surfaces
environment (e.g., clothes, bed linen,
curtains, carpeting
3. Following ingestion of infective eggs, the
larvae hatch in the small intestine and
become adult
4. The adults establish themselves in the
colon
AHS

Life Cycle & Transmission

5. Time interval from ingestion of infective eggs
to oviposition by the adult females is about
one month. The life span of the adults is
about two months.
. Males die soon after copulation
. Gravid females migrate nocturnally
outside the anus and oviposit while
crawling on the skin of the perianal area .
. One worm may deposit 4600-16000 eggs.
. Females die soon after oviposition
AHS