Module 3

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Brainstorming Session.
What does an AMPLIFIER do?

 What is an IC?

Integrated Circuits

Inside an IC

OP-Amp is an amplifier IC

What can you do with Op amps?

You can make music louder when they are
used in stereo equipment.
You can amplify the heartbeat by using them
in medical cardiographs.
You can use them as comparators in heating
systems.
You can use them for Math operations like
summing, integration etc.

OP-AMP (operational
amplifier)
An OP-AMP is an integrated circuit
(IC) used for amplification of signals.
It is the most widely used analog IC.
It is used in control systems,
instrumentation, signal processing
etc

Operational Amplifier
The Operational Amplifier or "opamp" is an amplifier with two inputs
and one output. One input is the
inverting input and the other is a non
inverting input.

OP-AMP BLOCK DIAGRAM

V+
Inverting Input
(- VIN)

Differential
Differential
Amplifier
Amplifier

Voltage
Voltage

Amplifier
Amplifier

Output
Output
Amplifier
Amplifier

Noninverting
Input (+ VIN)

VFigure 1 Op Amp Block Diagram

Output

OP-AMP HAS 3 STAGE AMPLIFIER

CIRCUITS
First Stage : Differential Amplifier -it
gives the OP-AMP high input
impedance (resistance)
Second Stage: Voltage Amplifier it
gives high gain
Third Stage : Output Amplifier
(Emitter Follower) gives low output
impedance (resistance)

OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS
1. Very high input impedance
2. Very high gain
3. Very low output impedance
OP-AMP is a differential, voltage
amplifier with high gain.

OP-AMP is a differential, voltage

amplifier with high gain. Why????
Differential Amplifier: Because it
amplifies the difference between 2
voltages
Voltage Amplifier: Because input and
output are voltages
High Gain Amplifier: Because the
voltage gain is very high (> 100,000)

The 741 Op-amp

The most common op-amp is the 741
IC.

Packaging Types

OPA547FKTWT) b(
Op Amp 741) a(

DIP SMT package

pins DIP package-8

Figure : Op Amp packages

TO-5 metal can (c)

Leads package-8

OP-AMP pins identification

1

VCC+

+
VEE-

a( Dot marked Package

741
VCC+

+
VEE-

b( Notched Package

Figure 3 Op Amp pins Identification

What are these pins?

Offset Null. 1

1
741

Inverting Input VIN. 2

Noninverting Input. 3
+VIN

VEE-

N / C. 8

VCC. +7
Output.6

Offset Null.5
Figure 4 Op Amp pins Description

http://www.quia.com/pp/200743.
html

What are these pins?

Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used to
remove the Offset voltage.
Pin 2: Inverting input (-VIN), signals at this pin
will be inverted at output Pin 6.
Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+VIN), signals at pin 3
will be processed without inversion.
Pin 4: Negative power supply terminal (-VEE).
Pin 6: Output (VOUT) of the Op-Amp
Pin 7: Positive power supply terminal (+VCC)
Pin 8: No connection (N\C), it is just there to
make it a standard 8-pin

Symbol of OP-AMP
VS+

VIN-

VIN-

VOUT

VOUT

VIN+

VIN+

VSWithout power connection (a)

With power connection (b)

Figure 5 Op Amp Schematic Symbols

Most Op Amps require dual power

supply with common ground
Positive Supply (+15V) to pin7
Negative Supply (-15V) to pin4
VS+
VIN-

7
VOUT

VIN+

4
Common Ground
VS-

Figure 6 Dual Supply Voltages connection

Some Op Amps work on single

supply also
VS+
VIN-

VIN-

7
VIN+

VOUT

VOUT
VIN+

VS-

Single Positive Voltage (a)

Single Negative Voltage (b)

Figure 7 Single Supply Voltages connection

Advantage of dual power

supply
Using dual power supply will let the op
amp to output true AC voltage.
15V+

Output

0V

Output

V 30

15VFigure 8a Op Amp powered from Dual supply

30V+

V 30

0V
Figure 8b Op Amp powered from Single supply

What is dual power supply?

Single Power Supply

15V

Single Power Supply

Common
Figure 18 Dual Power Supply

15V+

How can you make a dual power

supply using two 9V batteries?
What is the voltage between + of first
battery and of second battery?

OP-AMP CONFIGURATIONS

No Feedback (a)
(open loop
comparator circuit)

Negative (b)
Feedback
Figure Types of Feedback

Positive Feedback (c)

Feedback
No feedback : Open loop (used in
comparators)
Negative feedback : Feedback to the
inverting input (Used in amplifiers)
Positive feedback : Feedback to the
non inverting input (Used in
oscillators(

OP AMP as a Comparator )compares 2

voltages and produces a signal to indicate
which is greater(
VO

VS+

VS+
VIN VIN+

VIN
VO

VIN = VIN+

VIN+
VIN VIN+
VS
Comparator Circuit (a)

VS

Comparator Output (b)

Applications of Comparators
Analog to digital converters (ADC)
Counters (e.g. count pulses that
exceed a certain voltage level).
Cross Over Detectors

OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE

FEEDBACK
The two basic amplifier circuits with
negative feedback are:

The non-inverting Amplifier.

The inverting Amplifier
(Note: Negative feedback is used to
limit the gain)

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
The input signal is applied to the non-inverting
input (+VIN). The output is fed back to the
inverting input through resistor RF.
R IN R F
VF
R IN

VO

A NI

R1

RF

VO
R
1 F
VF
R IN

;Where
VO = Output voltage
Vin= Input voltage= Vf
ANI = Noninverting Gain

VIN

Figure 11 Closed-Loop Noninverting Amplifier Circuit

VO

Problem:
Calculate the gain of a non inverting
amplifier if Rin=3K and Rf=30K. If
Vin=4mV, calculate the output
voltage.

INVERTING AMPLIFIER
The input signal is applied through a series input
resistor RI to the inverting input. Also, the output
is fed back through RF to the same input. The
noninverting input is grounded.
RF
VIN
VO
R
IN
AI

RF
VO

-
VF
R
IN
;Where
VO = Output voltage
VIN = Input voltage
AI = Inverting Gain

RIN

RF

VIN
VO

Examples of Negative Feedback

Applications:
A) Inverting Amplifiers

1.Summing Amplifier
2.Differentiator
3.Integrator
B) Non Inverting
Amplifiers
1. Voltage Follower

Summing Amplifier (Adder) : the inputs are

added and the sum is inverted . If all
resistors are of equal value, then

Vo = -(V1 + V2+ V3)

R1

RF

V1
R2
V2
VO
R3
V3

0V

Figure 14 Summing Amplifier

Integrator (the input is integrated with

respect to time)
C

VIN

VO

Figure 15 Inverting Op-Amp as Integrator

Differentiator (the input is

differentiated with respect to time)
R

C
VIN

VO

Figure 16 Inverting Op-Amp as Differentiator

Voltage Follower (Non

Inverting)
It is a non inverting amplifier with
gain=1
So the output is the same as input.
VO

VIN

Figure 17 Voltage Follower

Positive Feedback is used in

oscillators
Astable Multivibrator (Relaxation
Oscillator)
R1

C1

VO

R2

R3

Figure 13 Astable Multivibrator

Offset Null Adjustment

(practical)

VO

VS+

N/C
8

A741
1

VSVIN = 0

Figure 22 Offset Null adjustment

 offset voltage can be defined as

the slight amount of voltage that
appears at the output when the
voltage differential (VIN) between
the input pins is 0 V.

Practical-Summing Amplifier

Results Table
Vo = - (V1 + V2 )