PROC 2077 Chemical Engineering Fundamentals

Multiphase Systems
Containing a Single
Condensable Component
Dr Rajneet Rosey Kaur
Reference (Prescribed Text):
Felder and Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3 rd Ed, 2005, John Wiley

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Methods of estimating vapour pressures

1. Clausius-Clapeyron equation
2. Cox Chart
3. Antoine Equation

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Important

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[Note: This version of the Antoine Equation is to be used in this course]

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[Note: This alternative version of the Antoine Equation is

for your information only]
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In Class Examples

Example 1: Use of Antoine Equation

A laboratory experiment requires ethanol vapour to be supplied at 0.9
atm pressure.
(a) Show that the vapour pressure exerted by liquid ethanol at room
temperature of 22C is not sufficient for the experiment.
(b) The laboratory assistant has suggested that you immerse a
cylinder containing liquid ethanol in a heated water bath. To what
temperature should the heater be set to provide the required
vapour pressure?
Antoine Equation:

B
log10 p A
,
T C
*

p* in mmHg , T in C

Ethanol (C2H6O):
F&R, Table B.4, p640:
A= 8.11220, B = 1592.864, C= 226.184
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(a)

1592.864
log 10 ( P*) 8.11220
22 226.184
P* 49.45 mmHg

1 atm
0.0651 atm
760 mmHg

Since this is less than 0.9 atm, which was required, its not
sufficient for the experiment.
(b)

760 mmHg
P* 0.9 atm
684 mmHg
1 atm

1592.864
log10 (684) 8.11220
T 226.184
T 75.7 C
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Example 2: Vapour Pressure Estimation using

various techniques
P
T
1

Ethyl acetate has a vapour pressure of 118.3 mm Hg at 29.5 C and a

normal boiling point of 77.0 C at 760 mmHg. Estimate the vapour
pressure at 45 C using:

T2

P2

a) The Antoine equation and constants from Table B.4;

b) The Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the two given data points:
c) Linear interpolation between the two given points.
d) Taking the first estimate to be correct, calculate the percentage
error associated with the second and third estimates.

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a) The Antoine equation and constants from Table B.4;

For Ethyl Acetate:
The Antoine constants are:
A = 7.09808
B = 1238.710
C = 217.0

1238.71
log10 p * 7.09808
2.370
45 217

p* 10 2.370 234.5 mm Hg

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b) The Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the two given data points:

T1 29.5 C , p1* 118 .3 mmHg
T2 77.0 C , p2* 760 mmHg
H v 1
ln p*
B
R T

H v ln( p2* / p1* )

1 1
R
T2 T1

ln( 760 / 118.3)

4149.9K
1
1
( 77.0 273.15) K ( 29.5 273.15) K
H v / R
4149.9 K
B ln( p )
ln(118 .3)
18.49
T1
(29.5 273.15) K
*
1

ln p* (45 C)

4149.9
18.49
(45 273.15)

p* 232.52 mmHg
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c) Linear interpolation between the two given points.

(x1, y1)
(29.5 C, 118.3 mmHg)

Linear Interpolation:

(x2, y2)
(77.0 C, 760 mmHg)
y 2 y1
x x1
y y1
x 2 x1

760 mmHg 118.3 mmHg

y 118.3 mmHg
45C 29.5C
77C 29.5C

y p*45C 327.70 mmHg

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d) Taking the first estimate to be correct, calculate the

percentage error associated with the second and third
estimates.

232.52 234.52

100 0.85% error

234.52

327.7 234.5

100 39.7% error

234.5

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PROC 2077 Chemical Engineering Fundamentals

Multicomponent Gas-Liquid
Sytems
Dr Rajneet Rosey Kaur
Reference (Prescribed Text):
Felder and Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3 rd Ed, 2005, John Wiley

Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)

a) Bubble point temperature: temperature at which the
first vapour bubble forms at constant pressure
b) Dew point temperature: temperature at which the first
liquid droplet forms at constant pressure
c) Bubble point pressure: pressure at which the first
vapour forms when a liquid is decompressed at constant
temperature
d) Dew point pressure: pressure at which the first liquid
droplet forms at constant temperature

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Txy and Pxy diagrams for a binary mixture

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Txy and Pxy diagrams for Benzene-Toluene system

Figure 6.4-1 (p. 262)

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Bubble Point Calculation using Txy Diagram

Example 6.4-4 (p262)
Using the Txy diagram, estimate the bubble point temperature and the
equilibrium vapour composition associated with a 40 mole% benzene-60 mole
% toluene liquid mixture at 1 atm. If the mixture is steadily vaporized until the
remaining liquid contains 25% benzene, what is the final temperature?
Initial conditions:
When xB = 0.40:
Tbp = 95C
yB = 0.62
Final conditions:
When xB = 0.25:
Tbp = 100C
yB = 0.47

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Dew Point Calculations using Txy Diagram

Example 6.4-5 (p262)
Using the Txy diagram, estimate the dew point temperature and the
equilibrium liquid composition associated with a vapour mixture of benzene and
toluene containing 40 mole% benzene at 1 atm. If condensation proceeds until
the remaining vapour contains 60% benzene, what is the final temperature?
Initial conditions:
When yB = 0.40:
Tdp = 102C
xB = 0.2
Final conditions:
When yB = 0.60:
Tdp = 95C
xB = 0.38

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1. Should read example 6.4-3 (p260) on Bubble and Dew

point calculations and compare the method with
example 6.4-4 (p262).
2. More details of Bubble and Dew point calculations will
be covered in 2nd year.
3. Section 6.5 (Solutions of Solids in Liquids) is not
covered in PROC 2077 course.

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6.6: Equilibrium between 2 Liquid Phases

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6.6: Equilibrium between 2 Liquid Phases

Single-phase region

Two-phase region

School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering

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Water-Acetone-Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (composition in wt%) at 25C.

Wt
%

BK
MI
of

of
Ac
eto
ne

%
Wt

Wt % of Water
Figure 6.6-1 (p.
274)

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What are the composition of Acetone, Water and MIBK at points K, M

and N?
Point K:
Acetone = 65 wt%
MIBK = 20 wt%
Water = 15 wt%
Total = 100 wt%

Point M:
Acetone = 15 wt%
MIBK = 30 wt%
Water = 55 wt%
Total = 100 wt%
Point L:
Acetone = 12 wt%
MIBK = 3 wt%
Water = 85 wt%
Total = 100 wt%

Point N:
Acetone = 20 wt%
MIBK = 76 wt%
Water = 4 wt%
Total = 100 wt%

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In Class Example
A mixture of 20 wt% water, 33% acetone, and the remainder methyl isobutyl
ketone (MIBK) is brought to equilibrium at 25C. If the total mass of the system
is 1.2 kg, use the data in Figure 6.6-1 to estimate the composition and mass of
each phase of the mixture.
Point C
70 wt% water
25 wt% Acetone
5 wt% MIBK

Point A
20 wt% water
33 wt% Acetone
47 wt% MIBK

Point B
7 wt% water
35 wt% Acetone
58 wt% MIBK

Figure 6.6-1
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