A simple slide

show on Sql

By :
Rajesh Kumar
Faculty
MCA Course
What Is SQL?
SQL, Structured Query Language, is the standard language
used to communicate with a relational database. The prototype
was originally developed by IBM using Dr. E.F. Codd's paper ("A
Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks") as a
model. In 1979, not long after IBM's prototype, the first SQL
product, ORACLE, was released by Relational Software,
Incorporated (it was later renamed Oracle Corporation). It is,
today, one of the distinguished leaders in relational database
technologies. SQL is pronounced either of two ways: as the
letters S-Q-L, or as "sequel"; both pronunciations are
acceptable. However, most experienced SQL users tend to use
the latter pronunciation.
If you travel to a foreign country, you may be required to know
that country's language to get around. For example, you may
have trouble ordering from a menu via your native tongue if
the waiter speaks only his country's language. Look at a
database as a foreign land in which you seek information. SQL
is the language you use to express your needs to the database.
Just as you would order a meal from a menu in another
country, you can request specific information from within a
database in the form of a query using SQL.
 ANSI SQL?
The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) is an organization that approves certain
standards in many different industries. SQL has
been deemed the standard language in
relational database communication, originally
approved in 1986 based on IBM's
implementation. In 1987, the ANSI SQL
standard was accepted as the international
standard by the International Standards
Organization (ISO). The standard was revised
again in 1992 and was called SQL-92. The
newest standard is now called SQL-99; it's also
referred to as SQL3.
• What Is a Database?
• In very simple terms, a database is a collection of data.
Some like to think of a database as an organized
mechanism that has the capability of storing information,
through which a user can retrieve stored information in an
effective and efficient manner.
• People use databases every day without realizing it. A
phone book is a database. The data contained consists of
individuals' names, addresses, and telephone numbers. The
listings are alphabetized or indexed, which allows the user
to reference a particular local resident with ease.
Ultimately, this data is stored in a database somewhere on
a computer. After all, each page of a phone book is not
manually typed each year a new edition is released.
• The database has to be maintained. As people move to
different cities or states, entries may have to be added or
removed from the phone book. Likewise, entries will have
to be modified for people changing names, addresses, or
telephone numbers .
• Relational database:-
A relational database is a database divided into
logical units called tables, where tables are related to one another
within the database. A relational database allows data to be
broken down into logical, smaller, manageable units, allowing for
easier maintenance and providing more optimal database
performance according to the level of organization.
Types of SQL Commands
The following sections discuss the basic categories of commands
used in SQL to perform various functions. These functions include
building database objects, manipulating objects, populating
database tables with data, updating existing data in tables,
deleting data, performing database queries, controlling database
access, and overall database administration.
The main categories are:-
DDL (Data Definition Language)
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DQL (Data Query Language)
DCL (Data Control Language)
Data administration commands
Transactional control commands
• Defining Database Structures
Data Definition Language, DDL , is the part of SQL that
allows a database user to create and restructure database
objects, such as the creation or the deletion of a table .
Some of the most fundamental DDL commands discussed during
following hours include the following:
• CREATE TABLE
• ALTER TABLE

• DROP TABLE

• Manipulating Data
Data Manipulation Language, DML , is the part of SQL used to
manipulate data within objects of a relational database.
There are three basic DML commands:
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
• Data Query Language: Selecting Data
Though comprised of only one command, Data Query Language
(DQL) is the most concentrated focus of SQL for modern relational
database users. The base command is as follows:
SELECT
This command, accompanied by many options and
clauses, is used to compose queries against a relational database.
Queries, from simple to complex, from vague to specific, can be
easily created.
A query is an inquiry to the database for information.
A query is usually issued to the database through an application
interface or via a command line prompt.
• Data Control Language
Data control commands in SQL allow you to control access
to data within the database. These DCL commands are
normally used to create objects related to user access and
also control the distribution of privileges among users.
Some data control commands are as follows:

– ALTER PASSWORD
– GRANT
– REVOKE
• Data Administration Commands
Data administration commands allow the user
to perform audits and perform analyses on operations within the
database. They can also be used to help analyze system
performance. Two general data administration commands are as
follows:
– START AUDIT
– STOP AUDIT

Database administration is the overall

administration of a database, which envelops the use of all levels
of commands. Database administration is much more specific to
each SQL implementation than are those core commands of the
SQL language.
• Transactional Control Commands
In addition to the previously introduced categories of
commands, there are commands that allow the user to manage
database transactions.
• COMMIT Saves database transactions
• ROLLBACK Undoes database transactions
• SAVEPOINT Creates points within groups of transactions in which to
ROLLBACK
Thanks once again