Establishing working

relationship with family

Working with families in
relation to

prevention of disease,
promotion of health

 Forming

Relationships with the Family

Maintaining a Positive Relationship with the
Family
Sharing Information with the Family
Building Trust with the Family

BUILDING POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS

WITH THE FAMILY
the

various kinds of families

the components of a healthy family,
build trust with families,
work in collaboration with families.

FORMING RELATIONSHIPS WITH

THE FAMILY
developing

relationships
There is no one way
Every family is unique.
Each relationship will have its own dynamics, roles,
and rules.
Relationships will be created over time through
collaborative effort
interact with families.
working together to achieve a common goal.

 Be

friendly with the family

Seek and share information in a respectful manner

There are three things you can do to help create

positive relationships:
Focus On
Creating a Positive Relationship with the Family
Sharing Information with the Family
Building Trust with the Family

Building Positive Relationships

Listen

and acknowledge and feedback

Offer help when needed
Encourage honest and open communication
Offer support and advice

SHARING INFORMATION WITH THE

FAMILY
share

information in a clear, respectful, and helpful

way.
Be open to the idea of information sharing
Pay attention to what is going on when you are
working
Start with an objective description of an event (tell
what happened)
be clear that you are sharing your opinion and not
fact

BUILDING TRUST WITH THE FAMILY

stranger

to the family.
move from stranger to trusted
get them to see that you are a caring and talented
person & worthy of their trust
demonstrating
positive character traits and
responsible behavior.

Working with families in relation to

prevention of disease,
promotion of health

Primordial

Primordial Prevention

It

includes measures for prevention of emergence

of risk factor.

 Here,

efforts are directed towards discouraging

children from adopting harmful lifestyles

E.g.
Overeating,
too

much salt intake,

smoking of tobacco,
alcohol consumption,
too much sedentary habits,
creation of environmental pollution
are some examples which function as risk factors for
development of diseases

Intervention/Role of Nurse:
Health

education

Primary Prevention
Primary

prevention can be defined as action taken

prior to the onset of disease, which removes the
possibility that a disease will ever occur.

PRIMARY PREVENTION:
Health

Promotion

Specific

Protection

 Better

physical environment through adequate

housing, water supply and waste disposal facility.
Conducive environment at the occupation
Good, usable, feasible recreational facilities
Marriage counseling

 Sex

and population education.

Application of principles of genetics to improve
health, prevent disease and eliminate untoward
characteristics related to man and extra human life.
Periodic
selective examination of general
population and at risk population.

Specific Protection:

Different Interventions/Role of Nurse:

Use of specific immunizations - BCG and MMR

Use of specific drugs as chemoprophylactic agents
Use of specific nutrients e.g. vitamin A
Protection against accidents by use of helmets,
Protection against occupational hazards
Protection from carcinogens - protective devices
radiation exposure.

Secondary Prevention

Interventions:

Early

diagnosis and
prompt treatment:

Interventions:
To cure

and prevent the disease process.

To prevent the spread of communicable disease.
To prevent the complications
To shorten the period of disability.

 These

interventions can be achieved through

Individual and mass case finding measures.

Screening surveys e.g. diabetes, hypertension, chest XRays for tuberculosis.
Selective examination e.g. antenatal mothers for
VDRL, lead industry workers for anemia.

Tertiary Prevention

1. Disability limitation
2. Rehabilitation

Concept of disability:
Disease
Impairment
disability
handicap

Example
Accident Disease (or disorder)
Loss of foot Impairment (extrinsic or
intrinsic)
Cannot walk Disability (objectified)
Unemployed .. Handicap (socialized)

 Medical

rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation
Social rehabilitation
Psychological rehabilitation

Examples of rehabilitation are:

Establishing school for the blind,
provision of aid
reconstructive surgery in leprosy,
muscle re-education and
graded exercise in neurological disorders like polio,
change of profession for a more suitable one and
modification of life in general in the case of tuberculosis,
cardiac patients and others.

 It

is a way of thinking that revolves around a

philosophy of wholeness, wellness and well-being.

HEALTH PROMOTION
Definition:
provide them with an environment at home, at site of
work and at place of recreation
free of harmful substances & influences.
This kind of primary prevention is called Health
Promotion.

 It

is defined as, behavior motivated by the desire

to increase well-being and actualize human health
potential.
-Pender, Murdaugh and
parsons, 2002.

PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH
PROMOTION
Self-Responsibility
Nutrition
Stress

management
Exercise

FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH

MAINTENANCE:
Age

and developmental level

Previous experiences
Lifestyle and habits
Environment
Economic resources
Culture, values and beliefs
Roles and relationships
Coping and stress tolerance

HEALTH PROMOTION THROUGH

OUT THE LIFE SPAN
Health

assessment and promotion:

Developmental screening tests:
Ongoing Nursing Assessments:
Health promotion guidelines for
Health examinations:
Protective measures:
Immunizations:
Safety:

 Elimination:
Sleep/Rest

:
Sensory stimulation: Touch: Vision: Hearing:
Play:
Nutrition and exercise:
Social interactions:
Health tests and screenings:

Care of sick in the home,

physically handicapped &
mentally challenged

Care of sick in the home

 Sickness

weakens the body.

To gain strength and get well quickly, special care is
needed.
Medicines

are often not necessary.

But good care is always important.

1. The Comfort of the Sick Person

2. Liquids
3. Personal Cleanliness
4. Good Food

The Comfort of the Sick Person

rest

in a quiet, comfortable place

plenty of fresh air and light.
should keep from getting too hot or cold.

Liquids
the

sick person should drink plenty of liquids:

water, tea, juices,, etc.

Personal Cleanliness
It

is important to keep the sick person clean.

should be bathed every day.
If -too sick -a sponge or cloth and lukewarm water.
clothes, sheets, and covers must also be kept clean.

Good Food
lot

of nourishing food
If necessary, mash the foods, or make them into
soups or juices.
Energy foods are importantfor example, rice,
wheat, oatmeal, potato
Adding a little sugar and vegetable oil will increase
the energy.

Good Food
Also

encourage the sick person to drink plenty of

sweetened drinks.
A few problems do require special diets.
anemia. stomach ulcers and heartburn. appendicitis,
gut obstruction, diabetes. heart problems.
gallbladder problems. high blood pressure.

Changing Position in Bed

A

person who is very weak and cannot turn over

alone should be helped to change position in bed
many times each day.
This helps prevent bed sores
also helps to prevent pneumonia
A child who is sick for a long time should be held
often on her mothers lap.

Watching for Changes

Keep

a record of his vital signs.

amount of liquids the person drinks
how many times a day he urinates and has a bowel
movement.
look for signs that warn - the persons sickness is
serious or dangerous

SIGNS OF DANGEROUS ILLNESS

Loss of large amounts of blood from anywhere in the body

Coughing up blood
Marked blueness of lips and nails (if it is new
Great difficulty in breathing;
The person cannot be wakened (coma
The person is so weak he faints when he stands up.
Twelve hours or more without being able to urinate
A day or more without being able to drink any liquids.
Heavy vomiting or severe diarrhea that lasts for more than one
day or more than a few hours in babies

SIGNS OF DANGEROUS ILLNESS

Black stools like tar, or vomit with blood or feces.

Strong, continuous stomach pains with vomiting in a person
who does not have diarrhea or cannot have a bowel
movement
Any strong continuous pain that lasts for more than 3 days.
Stiff neck with arched back, with or without a stiff jaw.
More than one seizure (fit) in someone with fever or serious
illness.

SIGNS OF DANGEROUS ILLNESS

High fever (above 39 C) that cannot be brought down or

that lasts more than 4 or 5 days.
Weight loss over an extended time.
Blood in the urine.
Sores that keep growing and do not go away with treatment.
A lump in any part of the body that keeps getting bigger
Very high blood pressure (220/120 or greater).
Problems with pregnancy and childbirth: any bleeding
during pregnancy.

Care of physically handicapped &

mentally challenged in the home

 Providing

support to people with physical or mental

disabilities is a great challenge
Helping them feel more independent and confident
making them feel good about themselves will go a
long way in uplifting their self-esteem and keeping
them positive.

 home

maintenance and modifications

repairs, garden maintenance and installation of things
such as hand rails and ramps
goods

and equipment including providing items

such as a walking frame or a raised toilet seat

 occupational

therapy
nutrition assessment, food and nutrition advice,
dietary changes
physiotherapy (exercises, mobility, strength and
balance)

counselling and other support services

Learn disability
Educate about - physical disability
know about signs of trouble and ways to tackle
them.
aware of the various ways of communicating with
them, especially if youre a caregiver to someone
who is deaf and/or mute.

Identify Their Needs

physically handicapped person -special.
need to consume healthy food, medicines, and be
hygienic
dietary needs of the disabled person.
Administering medication in the tablet, syrup, drops
and/or cream/gel form.
Knowing about massaging methods
Helping with personal care and hygiene

Use Technology to address their needs

a mobility scooter,
-feel
independent
confident.
electric wheelchairs

and

Physical Fitness
active or passive exercise weight gain

Plan Outings
change of scenery.
going to a park,
a shopping center, a caf,
day trip excursion such as a picnic, or a trip to the beach,
taking him for a movie, Internet (online shopping),
taking him to lunch/dinner and
indulging in sports/games meant for the disabled.

 Regular

Health Checkups

Care of elderly in the home

Goals & Objectives

Maintenance

of health function
Detection of disease at early stage
Prevention of deterioration of any existing health
problem
To assist

& provide care in achieving optimal health

To provide need based comprehensive health care

Health problems & needs of elderly

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
GI
Urinary
Female reproductive system
Male reproductive system
Muscular skeletal system
Neurological system
Endocrine
Integumentary

Ageing Process & the change

Physical
Mental
Psychological
Sociological
Spiritual

Promoting Healthy & active ageing

Need

for good nutrition

Need for exercise
Economic security
Need for independence
Need for companionship
Meaningful activity
Need for dignified death

Healthy leaving
Physically

active
Socially active
Vegetarian diet
Small frequent meals
Frequent water
Avoid smoking, alcohol
Medical care

Geriatric care
Consider

individuality
Be patient, kind, sympathetic
Encourage independence
Assist & support
stimulate physical & mental activity
Provide diversion & occupational therapy
Privacy

Geriatric care
Handle

them gently
Comfortable bed
Hygiene
Assist aids visual, auditory, dental
Protection injuries falls, accidents
Adequate nutrition
Facilitate elimination
Physical examination

Surveillance & monitoring