A PRESENTATION

ON

UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM

INDUSTRY
PRESENTED BY: PIYUSH
SHANKER VERMA
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: MR. AJAY
KUMAR SAXENA
UNDER THE MENTOR
: MR. RP
SHRIWAS

HISTORY OF CONTINENTS
The theory of
plate
tectonics is
reason behind
the formation
of continents
and also why
geographical
structures are
different
around the
world. Because
of the changes
earth has
undergone in
Plates slide on Asthenosphere which is so hot
millions of
that it floats.
years, we are

These movements happened over millions of years and so the plants

and animals remains buried deeper and deeper and enormous heat and
pressure turned them into oils and gases. This is how crude oil was
formed.

WHERE IS CRUDE OIL FOUND?

Crude oil is found in
different type of rock
structures
beneath
the
earths
crust
which are:
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
For crude oil to be
present in rocks, they
must
possess
porosity
and
permeability

NOTE: Oil and natural gas are

naturally occurring chemicals
that are made up of elements
like carbon and hydrogen.

Igneous rocks are formed from the melted rock that has cooled
and solidified. at the surface from the cooling of volcanic lava,
Igneous rocks do not normally contain hydrocarbons.

Sedimentary rocks are formed at the surface of the

Earth, either in water or on land. They are
layered accumulations of sediments-fragments of
rocks, minerals, or animal or plant material .It is
these sedimentary rocks in which hydrocarbons are normally
found.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by the metamorphosis of

existing rock, be it igneous or sedimentary, by extreme heat and
pressure. These factors cause re-crystallization of the minerals in
the rock, Metamorphic rocks do not normally contain
hydrocarbons

CRUDE OIL IS FOUND IN TRAPS

CRUDE OIL EXPLORATION STRATEGY

Seismic surveys are done by sending high-energy
sound waves into the ground and measuring how
long they take to reflect back to the surface. Since
sound travels at different speeds as it passes through
different materials, computers can use seismic data
to create a 3-D map of what lies below the surface.
When the data indicate a likely site for oil and natural
gas reserves, an exploration well is often drilled. Rock
samples from the well are brought to the surface and
analyzed. Well logs measure the electrical, magnetic
and radioactive properties of the rocks.
High-resolution aero-magnetic surveys done by
special aircraft can also show fault traces and
differentiate between different rock types near the
surface.

CREATING A DRILLING SITE

Acquiring petroleum drilling rights.
Thedrilling derrickis used to position and
support the drill string.
Drill rigs now run to supply the power to turn
the bit and raise and lower the drill pipe.
Thedrill bituses three conical shaped cutting
surfaces to grind rock into rice-sized particles.
As the drill cuts into the rock, drilling mud is
added to the drill hole through the drill bit.
Dirt and rock cuttingsare removed from the
hole and temporarily stored nearby.
All aspects of thedrilling operationsare closely
monitored to ensure efficient drilling and safety

DRILLING RIGS
There are many
different types of
drilling rigs and
selection depends
on the specific
requirements of
each drill site, some
are:
Land based
Offshore jack-up
Semi-submersible
Drill ship

For exploration targets

farther
offshore,
specially designed rigs
mounted on ships can
drill a well in water
depths up to 10,000
feet.
Jack-up rigs may be
used
in
relatively
shallow
water
less
than 300 feet deep. A
jack up rig is a floating
barge containing the
drilling structure that
is outfitted with long
support legs that can

DRILLING TECHNIQUES
Oil and natural gas wells have traditionally
been drilled vertically. Today, advances in
drilling technology allow oil and natural gas
companies to reach more reserves by:
Horizontal drilling
Complex path drilling
Extended path drilling

DRILL BIT
Rock drill bit: is a roller-type bit made up of three coneshaped, toothed cutters The mud that is being pumped

down squeezes through holes in the drill bit and

circulates back to the surface through the annulus,
carrying the rock cuttings along with it.

EXTRACTING OIL AND NATURAL GAS

Advanced technology allows production

of about 60 percent of the available
resources recovered from wells.
The recovery takes place in three
stages:
1. Primary ( only 10% of oil in a deposit)
2. Secondary(additional 20% of oil)using
water injection
3. Enhanced recovery( 60% of reserves )
using steam injection.

STEAM
INJECTION

WATER INJECTION

THE REFINING PROCESS

Once discovered, drilled, and brought to
the earths surface, crude oil is
transported to refinery by pipeline, ship
or both. At the refinery, it is treated and
converted into consumer and industrial
products. Three major refinery process
that changes crude oil are:
Separation
Conversion
Purification

FIRST CRUDE OIL IS PASSED

THROUGH DESALTER

Salt must be removed from crude oil prior to

processing. Crude oil is pumped from storage
tanks and preheated before going in atmospheric
distillation unit. Inorganic salts are removed by
emulsifying crude oil with water and separating
them in a desalter.

CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT

The continuous vaporization and condensation of material
on each tray of the fractionation tower is what creates the
separation of petroleum products within the tower.

VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT

FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKER

UNIT
The longer the carbon chain,
the heavier the product

will
be. Converting heavier HC into lighter HC or changing the
form of chain is the function of FCC unit. The reduction in
density has benefit of volume gain. The FCC uses catalyst
which is much finer and moves with the gas oil and the
catalyst converts gas oil into LPG,
gasoline and
diesel.FCCU also regenerates catalyst by burning off coke.

DELAYED COKER
UNIT heavy vacuum resid to more
It is used to convert
valuable product by heating to break hydrocarbon
chains. Some resid is actually sold in market to blend
with asphalt. It produces relatively low valued
petroleum coke as by product. The heated feed is fed
to a coke drum and coke forms in the drum. The
lighter products are withdrawn from the top section
of the delayed coker. After coking,the coke drum is

NOTE: Total

hydrogen
requirement in
refinery for
various
hydrotreating
is produced in
reforming
process.

HYDROTREATING
Once crude oil has undergone separation and
conversion, resulting products are ready for
purification which is basically sulphur removal.
Unfinished products are reacted with hydrogen
under heat and high pressure in presence of
catalyst resulting in hydrogen sulphide and
desuphurized product. This is later sent to amine
recovery unit where hydrogen sulphide is
HYDROCRACK
removed.
The only difference
ING
between hydrotreating and
hydrocracking is that in hydrocraking when we use
catalyst it breaks hydrocarbon chain.
The only difference between hydrocracking and FCC
is that in hydrocracking catalyst stays at one place
and gas oil passes over it where as catalyst is finer
in FCC and moves with gas oil. Butane is produced

CATALYTIC REFORMING AND

MEROX UNIT
Catalytic Reforming converts straight chain and
saturated molecules into unsaturated cyclic and
aromatic compounds. In doing so, it increases the octane
number of gasoline blend components.
Merox is mercaptan oxidation and this p rocesses within

oil refineries or natural gas processing plants that

remove mercaptans andhydrogen sulfide(H2S) are
commonly referred to assweeteningprocesses
because they results in products which no longer
have the sour, foul odors of mercaptans and
hydrogen sulfide. The liquid hydrocarbon disulfides
may remain in the sweetened products, they may be
used as part of the refinery or natural gas processing
plant fuel or processed later.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to you Ajay sir for all the
knowledge we have received about oil and gas
industry and to all the members of Protecon
who have provided us an opportunity to learn
and be prepared for industry and to my batch
mates who helped me in understanding different
process when I stumbled and acted as a
motivation.

THANK YOU