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STRUCTURES
Discrete Mathematics 1
Discrete Mathematics
is the part of mathematics devoted to the
study of discrete objects
Discrete means consisting of distinct or
unconnected elements.
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LOGIC
is the study of reasoning.
is specially concerned with whether
reasoning is correct
focuses on the relationship among
statements as opposed to the content of
any particular statement
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PROPOSITION
A proposition is a declarative sentence
that is either true or false, but not both.
Example:
Manila
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PROPOSITION
time is it?
Read this carefully.
x + 1 = 2.
x + y = z.
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PROPOSITION
An atomic proposition is a proposition
whose truth or falsity is independent of
any other propositions.
A compound proposition is formed from
existing propositions using logical
operators.
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PROPOSITION
Conventional letters used to denote
propositions are p, q, r, s,
The truth value of a proposition is true,
denoted by T, if it is true and false,
denoted by F, if it is a false proposition.
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Propositional Logic
Operators
NEGATION
Let p be a proposition. The statement
It is not the case that p
is another proposition called the negation
of p.
The negation of p is denoted by p. The
proposition is read not p.
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NEGATION
Example:
p: Today is Friday.
p: It is not the case that today is
Friday.
or
Today is not Friday.
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NEGATION
Truth Table
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Exercise
Give the negation of the following
propositions:
1. John
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CONJUNCTION
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CONJUNCTION
Example:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining today.
p q: Today is Friday and it is raining
today.
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CONJUNCTION
Truth Table:
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pq
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Exercise
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Exercise
(1>0) (2<1)
(0<1) (1<2)
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p (q)
(p q) r
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DISJUNCTION
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DISJUNCTION
Example 1:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining today.
p q: Today is Friday or it is raining today.
Example 2:
r: I want to eat chicken.
s: I want to eat spaghetti.
r s: I want to eat chicken or spaghetti.
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DISJUNCTION
Truth Table:
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pq
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Exercise
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p q
q (p q)
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Exercise
b.
p (q r)
(p q) (p r)
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p (p q)
(q r) (p q)
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EXCLUSIVE OR
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EXCLUSIVE OR
Example:
p: Students who have taken calculus
can enroll in this class.
q: Students who have taken computer
science can enroll in this class.
p q: Students who have taken
calculus or computer science,
but not both, can enroll in this class.
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EXCLUSIVE OR
Truth Table:
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pq
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IMPLICATION
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IMPLICATION
Example:
p: I am elected.
q: I will lower taxes.
p q: If I am elected, then I will
lower taxes.
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IMPLICATION
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Exercise
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IMPLICATION
Truth Table:
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pq
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IMPLICATION
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IMPLICATION
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IMPLICATION
The contrapositive, q p, of an
implication p q has the same truth value
(or equivalent) as p q.
Neither the converse nor the inverse have
the same truth value as p q for all
possible truth values of p and q.
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Exercise
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Exercise
d.
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(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
p (q r)
(p q) (p r)
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BICONDITIONAL
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BICONDITIONAL
Example:
p: You can take the flight.
q: You buy a ticket.
p q: You can take the flight if and
only if you buy a ticket.
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BICONDITIONAL
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BICONDITIONAL
Truth Table:
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pq
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Exercise
b.
c.
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Precedence
2
3
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4
5
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PROPOSITIONAL
EQUIVALENCES
Definitions
A compound proposition that is always
true, no matter what the truth values of the
propositions that occur in it, is called a
tautology.
A compound proposition that is always
false is called a contradiction.
A proposition that is neither a tautology
nor a contradiction is called a contingency.
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p p
p p
T
F
F
T
T
T
F
F
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LOGICAL EQUIVALENCES
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LOGICAL EQUIVALENCES
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T
F
T
F
p q (p q)
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
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p q
F
F
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
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Exercise
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Logical Equivalences
Equivalence
pTp
pFp
pTT
pFF
ppp
ppp
(p) p
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Name
Identity laws
Domination laws
Idempotent laws
Double negation law
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Logical Equivalences
Equivalence
pqqp
pqqp
(p q) r p (q r)
(p q) r p (q r)
p (q r) (p q) (p r)
p (q r) (p q) (p r)
(p q) p q
(p q) p q
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Name
Commutative laws
Associative laws
Distributive laws
De Morgans laws
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Logical Equivalences
Absorption laws
p (p q) p
p (p q) p
p p T
p p F
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Negation laws
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p q p q
p q q p
p q p q
p q (p q)
(p q) p q
(p q) (p r) p (q r)
(p r) (q r) (p q) r
(p q) (p r) p (q r)
(p r) (q r) (p q) r
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Equational Reasoning
Show that (p q) (p q) is a tautology.
Show that (p (p q)) and p q are
logically equivalent.
Show that (p q) ( p q) is a
tautology.
Show that (p q) p and (q p) are
logically equivalent.
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