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Classification of Ceramics
very traditional (clay-based and silica-based
ceramics
(used for construction and other applications)
but also new HIGH-TECH ceramics and uses
1. optical (transparency) (opto-electronics)
2. electronic (piezoelectric, sensor,
superconductor)
3. thermo-mechanical (engine material)
4. wear-resisting (cutting tool)
Classification
Based on their specific applications, ceramics
are classified as:
-Glasses
-Clay products
-Refractories
-Abrasives
-Cements
-Advanced ceramics for special applications
Bonding in Ceramics
The properties of the materials depend upon the:
The type of atoms present
The types of bonding b/w the atoms
The way the atoms are packed
Bonding in Ceramics
Two types of bonding exist in ceramics, Ionic and
Covalent bonding
Ionic and Covalent bonds are considered stronger
bonds as compared to metallic bonding.
Ceramics Cant be deformed plastically
Bonding in Ceramics
Type of bonding in Ceramics leads to:
High melting point
Low thermal expansion
High hardness
Good chemical resistance
Brittle
Processing of Ceramics
Traditional and technical ceramics are manufactured
by compacting powders or particles into shapes
which are then heated to a high temperature to bond
the particles together
Basic steps in the processing of ceramics are:
Material Preparation
Forming or Casting
Thermal treatment
Processing of Ceramics
Material Preparation
Processing of Ceramics
Forming or Casting
Processing of Ceramics
Forming or Casting
Processing of Ceramics
Slip casting
Processing of Ceramics
Forming or Casting
Extrusion
Hollow shape ceramic materials can
be produced by extrusion method.
Used to produce refractory bricks,
sewer pipes, hollow tiles, technical
ceramics and electrical insulators.
Processing of Ceramics
Thermal treatment
Processing of Ceramics
Thermal treatment
Strength of Ceramics
Before pursuing to processing of ceramics, some
general understandings:
Smaller the particle size, the higher is the strength of
ceramics
An increased toughness leads to enhancement in resistance
to fracture
High particle aspect ratio may be useful in enhancing
toughness
Ceramics toughness
Ceramics have inherently low toughness
It limits the applications of ceramics
Processes such as hot pressing, ceramics with additives and
reaction bonding, engineering ceramics with improved
toughness have been produced
Phase transformation in zirconia combined with some
refractory oxide (CaO, MgO) produce ceramic materials
with exceptionally high fracture toughness.