Professional Documents
Culture Documents
mathematical
models in ecology
Andrew Whittle
University of Tennessee
Department of Mathematics
1
Outline
Leslie matrices
Non-linear multi species models
Discrete time
When are discrete time models appropriate ?
Single species
models
Simple population
model
Consider a continuously breading population
Then
Geometric growth
Intraspecific
competition
No competition - Population grows unchecked
i.e. geometric growth
Contest competition - Capitalist competition
all individuals compete for resources, the ones
that get them survive, the others die!
Scramble competition - Socialist competition
individuals divide resources equally among
themselves, so all survive or all die!
9
Hassell equation
The Hassell equation takes into account intraspecific
competition
Under-compensation (0<b<1)
Exact compensation (b=1)
Over-compensation (1<b)
1
Special case:
Beverton-Holt model
Beverton-Holt stock recruitment model
(1957) is a special case of the Hassell
equation (b=1)
Cobweb diagrams
Steady State
Stability
Cobweb diagrams
Sterile insect
release
Adding an
Allee effect
Extinction is
now a stable
steady state
1
Ricker growth
Another model arising from the fisheries
literature is the Ricker stock recruitment
model (1954, 1958)
Nt
a
Period doubling to chaos in the
Ricker growth model
richer behavior
1
Age structured
models
N1t
N2t+1
N3t+2
1
N4t+3
N5t+4
Leslie matrices
Multi-species
models
Multi-species models
Single species models can be extended to multi-species
Growth
Nn
Pn
die
die
Competition model
Discrete time version of the Lokta-Volterra
competition model is the Leslie-Gower model
(1958)
Predator-Prey models
Analogous discrete time predator-prey
model (with mass action term)
Host-Pathogen models
An example of a host-pathogen model is the
Nicholson and Bailey model (extended)
SIR models
Susceptibles
Infectives
Removed
Control in discrete
time models
Control methods
Controls that add/remove a portion of the
population
Optimal control
theory
Optimal control
We first add a control to the population
model
Restrict the control to the control set
Form a objective function that we wish to
either minimize or maximize
The state equations (with control), control set
and the objective function form what is called
the bioeconomic model
3
Example
We consider a population of a crop which has
economic importance
We assume that the population of the crop
grows with Beverton-Holt growth dynamics
There is a cost associated to harvesting the
crop
We wish to harvest the crop, maximizing
profit
3
Control set
Objective functional
how do
we find the
Pontryagins
discrete
maximum
best control
princple
strategy?
adjoint equations
Set
Then re-arranging the equation above gives the adjoint
equation
Controls
Set
Then re-arranging the equation above gives the adjoint
equation
Optimality system
Forward
in time
Backward
in time
Control
equation
4
numerical method
Starting guess for control values
State equations
forward
Update
controls
Adjoint equations
backward
4
Results
B large
B small
4
Summary
Introduced discrete time population models
Single species models, age-structured models
Multi species models
Adding control to discrete time models
Forming an optimal control problem using a
bioeconomic model
Analyzed a model for crop harvesting
4