HMT Unit 1

ME 2251
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
CONTENT OF SYLLABUS
Unit-I
Conduction
Unit II
Convection
Unit III
Phase Change Heat transfer and Heat Exchanger
Unit IV
Radiation
Unit V
Mass Transfer
TEXT BOOKS:
Sachdeva, R.C., Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New

Age International, 1995.
Incropera, F.P. and DeWitt, D.P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,
John Wiley and Sons, 1998
REFERENCES:
Yadav, R., Heat and Mass Transfer Central Publishing House, 1995.
Ozisik, M.N., Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1994.
Kothandaraman, C.P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer New Age

International, 1998.
Yunus .A.Cengel, Heat transfer A practical approach
3
UNIT I: CONDUCTION
Basic Concepts - Mechanism of Heat Transfer - Conduction,

Convection and Radiation - General Differential equation of Heat
Conduction - Fourier Law of Conduction - Cartesian and Cylindrical
Coordinates - One Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction
-Conduction through Plane Wall, Cylinders and Spherical SystemComposite Systems - Conduction with Internal Heat Generation Extended Surfaces - Unsteady Heat Conduction - Lumped Analysis
-Use of Heislers Chart.
Thermodynamics Vs Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system
undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another, and it gives no
indication about the time taken.
Heat Transfer
Heat is the inferior form of energy that can be transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature difference. The science that deals with the
determination of the rates of such energy transfers is heat transfer.
Modes of Heat Transfer:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
5
Conduction :
In general, Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of
a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
Conduction is the mode of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a
region of low temperature within a solid medium.
Convection:
Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in motion.
Radiation:
Heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known
as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
Fourier law of Heat Conduction:

Heat conduction rate is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction
of heat flow and the temperature gradient in that direction.
dT
dx
dT
Q kA
dx
Q A
k - Thermal conductivity of the material

A - Area normal to heat transfer
dT
- Temperatur e gradient
dx
Newton law of Heat Convection:

Heat transfer rate is directly proportional to area exposed for heat transfer and
temperature difference.
Q
Q
A T
= h A T
h - Convective Heat transfer co-efficient

A - Area Exposed for Convection
T - Temperature difference
7
Stefan Boltzmann law of Radiation:

The radiation energy emitted by a body is proportional to the fourth power of its
absolute temperature.
Q T4
- Stefan Boltzmann constant

4
4
Q = A (T1 T2 )
- Shape factor for the radiating surface

A
- Area of t
T1 , T2 - Temperature at the surface 1 and 2
Mechanisms of Heat transfer:
Heat conduction mechanism:
(a) By molecular interaction
(b) Drift of Free electrons
Convection mechanism
(a) Free convection
(b) Forced convection
Radiation
Electro magnetic wave phenomenon
Comparison between the various modes of Heat transfer :

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Between the solid

medium
Between solid & fluid

(or)
Between fluid
Without any
medium
Governing Law Fourier law
Newtons law of
cooling
Stefan Boltzmann
law
Driving force
Temperature gradient
Temperature difference
Temperature
difference
Mechanism
i.
i.
Electro magnetic
wave phenomenon
Medium
By molecular
interaction
ii. By drift of free

electrons
Free convection
ii. Forced convection
Three Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian coordinates
Let,
dx, dy & dz - sides of the small element ABCDEFGH
in x, y & z direction respectively.
V - Volume of the element = dx dy dz
q - Heat transfer rate per unit area = Q/A
.
q - Heat generated per unit time per unit volume

Qx , Qy , Qz - Heat conducted into the element in x, y & z
direction respectively
Qx+dx , Qy+dy , Qz+dz - Heat conducted out of the element in x, y & z direction
Applying First law of Thermodynamics and Energy Balance to the element,
Energy input
Heat input
Net Heat
conducted
into the element
(I)
= Energy output
= Increase in internal energy + Work done
+
Internal heat
generated per
unit time
(II)
Increase
in
internal energy +
per unit time
(III)
Work done by
element per unit
time
10
(IV)
(A)
I. Net Heat conducted into the element :

Net
Heat
conducted into the
element
Net Heat
conducted in
x -direction
Net Heat
conducted in +
y-direction
Net Heat conducted of the element (ABCDEFGH) in X-direction
Net Heat
conducted in
z -direction
=
Qx Qx+dx
Qx Rate of heat into the element through the face ABCD

Qx+dx Rate of heat out of the element through face EFGH
According to Fourier Law,
Qx k x
T
dydz
x
Qx dx
x
T

T
k x
dydz
k
dydz
dx
x
x
x
x
Q x dx Q x
k x
T

T
dydz
k
dxdydz
x
x
x
x
11
(1)
Similarly,
Net Heat conducted of the element (ABCDEFGH) in Y -direction
= Q y Qy+dy
T
T

T
Q y Q y dy k y
dxdz k y
dxdz k y
dxdz dy
y
y
y
y

T
Q y Q y dy k y
dxdzdy
(2)
y
y
Net Heat conducted of the element ABCDEFGH in Z -direction
Q z Q z dz k z
Q z Q z dz
= Q z Qz+dz
T
T

dxdy k z
dxdy k z
dxdy dz
z
z
z
z

T
kz
dxdzdy
z
z
(3)
12
I. Net Heat conducted into the element
(1) + (2) + (3)

T

T
T
k
dxdzdy
k
dxdzdy
z
dxdzdy
y
x
x
y
y
z
z

T

T
T
kz
kx
ky
dxdzdy
x
x y
y z
z
II. Internal heat generated per unit time:

Q Volumetric heat generation per unit time Volume of the element
.
Q q dxdzdy
III. Increase in internal energy per unit time:
IV. Work done

Work done by the element = 0
13
Values of (I),(II),(III) & (IV) in equ.(A)
Divide the above equation by dx dy dz

.

T

T
T
T
k
y
p
x
x y
y z
z
t
Considering the material is isotropic. So, k = kx = ky = kz
.
2T 2T 2T
T
C
p
2
2
2
z
t
Divide by k
.
T T T q C p T
2 2
2
x
y
z
k
k t
2
T T T q 1 T

x 2 y 2 z 2 k t
2
Thermal diffusivity
C p
14
The above equation is known as Three Dimensional Heat conduction equation
Case (i) : No heat sources

(Three Dimensional heat conduction equation without internal heat generation)
2T 2T 2T 1 T
2 2
2
x
y
z t
This equation is known as Fourier equation (or) Diffusion equation
Case (ii) : Steady state condition
(Three Dimensional steady state heat conduction equation with internal heat generation)
.
T T T q
2 2 0
2
x
y
z k
2
q
0
k
This equation is known as Possion equation
2T
Case (iii) : Three Dimensional steady state heat conduction equation without internal heat
generation
2T 2T 2T
2 2 0
2
x
y
z
This equation is known as Lap place equation
15
Case (iv) : Two dimensional steady state heat conduction equation without internal heat
generation
2T 2T
2 0
2
x
y
Case (v) : One dimensional steady state heat conduction equation without internal heat
generation
2T
x
16
ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION

Temperature Distribution and Heat transfer rate for slab or plane wall:
Temperature Distribution:
We know that,
Three dimensional heat conduction
equation is
x=0
x=L
Assumption:
Plane wall Material having uniform thermal
conductivity
Heat conduction occurs in only one
direction (i.e.) x direction only
Heat conduction rate is uniform
With out internal heat generation
T T T q 1 T
2 2
2
x
y
z k t
Based on the assumption the equation
reduces to
2
2T
x
On integration,
T
C1
x
T C1 x C2
(1)
17
Boundary conditions:
(i) x=0 @ T=T1 ;
(ii) x=L @ T=T2
T C1x C2
Substitute C1 and C2 value in equation (1)
T2 T1
x T1
L
T
(1)
Apply First boundary condition in equ (1)
T1 C1 (0) C2
C2 T1
Apply Second boundary condition in equ (1)
T2 C1 ( L) C2
T2 C1 ( L) T1
T T1
C1 2
L
T2 T1
x
L
T T1
T T1
x
T2 T1 L
(2)
The above equation is Temperature

distribution in Plane wall
Heat transfer rate:
According to Fourier law
T
x
Rearrange and applying limit for integration
Q kA
T2
T1
Qdx kA dT
18
T2
T1
Note:
Qdx kA dT
1.
Heat flux:
Heat transfer rate per unit area is
known as Heat flux. It is denoted by q.
On Integration:
QL kA T2 T1
Q
kA T2 T 1
L
kA T1 T2
L
Q
q
A
Unit : W/m2
(3)
The equ.(3) gives the Heat transfer rate

through plane wall with the thickness of
L
It is also written as
k T1 T2
q
L
19
1. Determine the Heat transfer rate through the plane of length 6 m, height 4 m and
thickness 0.30m. The temperature of inner and outer surfaces are 100 C and 40 C.
Thermal conductivity of wall is 0.55W/mK.
Given:
Inner surface Temperature, T1 = 100 C
=100+ 273 = 373 K
Outer surface Temprature, T2 = 40 C
=40 + 273 = 313 K
Thickness (Heat transferring length), L = 0.30 m
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.55 W/mK
6
m
4
m
Solution:
kA T1 T2
Heat transfer rate Q
L
Area normal to Heat transfer , A = 6 x 4 = 24 m2
0.55 24 (373 313)

0.3
Q 2640 W
20
2. A stainless steel plate 2cm thick is maintained at a temperature of 550 0C at one face
and 500C on the other. The thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 19.1 W/mK.
Compute the heat transfer rate per unit area through the material.
Given Data:
Thickness L = 2 cm = 0.02m
Temperatures,
T1 = 5500C
= 550+273= 823 K
T2 = 500C
= 50+273= 298 K
Thermal Conductivity k = 19.1 W/mK
Solution:
Heat transfer per unit area (or) Heat flux q
q
Q
k T1 T2
A
L
19.1 (823 298)
0.02
Q
q 447.5 W m 2
A
21
Electrical Analogy:
Heat transfer is similar to Electrical energy transfer. Therefore, equivalent electrical
parameters are found as follows:
For Conduction Heat transfer
According to Fourier law,
kA T1 T2
Q
L
T1 T2 T
Q
Rth
L
Where
kA
T = T1 T2 = Temperature difference
R th
L
Thermal Resistance
kA
For Convection Heat transfer

According to Newton law,
Q
= h A T
T
T
Q
1
RConv
hA
R conv
1
Convection Resistance
hA
Similar parameters are shown in table:

Heat flow
Current flow
Temperature Difference
Potential Difference (Voltage)
Heat energy transferred
Electrical energy transferred
Thermal Resistance
Electrical Resistance
22
Equivalent Resistance for Composite System

2. Parallel Connection:
1. Series Connection:
When the walls of two or more than two
different materials connected in series.
Then, Equivalence Resistance
When the walls of two or more than

two different materials connected in
parallel.
Then, Equivalence Resistance
1
1
1
1
1
......
Requ
R1 R2 R3
Rn
Requ = R1+R2+R3+..+Rn.
Requ
Example :
Equivalent electrical circuit
T1
T2
R1
T3
Requ = R1+R2
R1
Example :
R2
Equivalence Resistance
L2
L1
; R2
k 2 A2
k1 A1
1
1
1
1
1
......
R1 R2 R3
Rn
T1
k1
k2
L

T2
Equivalence Resistance
1
1
1
Requ
R1 R2
23
3. A wall of 0.6 m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mK. The wall is to be
insulated with a material having an average thermal conductivity of 0.3 W/mK. Inner
and outer surface temperatures are 1000 C and 10 0C respectively. If heat transfer rate is
1400W/m2 calculate the thickness of insulation.
Given:
Thickness of wall,
L = 0.6 m
Thermal conductivity
of wall,
k1= 1.2 W/mK
Thermal conductivity of
insulation,
k2 = 0.3 W/mK
Inner surface
Temperature,
T1= 1000 C
= 1000 + 273 = 1273 K
Outer surface
Temperature,
T3 = 10 C
= 10+ 273 = 283 K
Heat transfer per unit area, Q/A = 1400 W/m2
To find:
Thickness of insulation (L2)
24
Equivalent electrical circuit:

T1
T2
T3
R1
R2
From HMT Data book (C. P

Kothandaraman) page no. -43 (Sixth
edition)
T overall
Q
Requ
Requ = R1+R2
L
R1 1 ;
k1 A1
R2
L2
k 2 A2
L2 = 0.0621 m
Thickness of Insulation L2 =0.0621 m
25
4. The wall of a cold room is composed of three layers. The outer layer is brick 30 cm
thick. The middle layer is cork 20 cm thick, the inside layer is cement 15 cm thick. The
temperature of the outside air is 250 C and on the inside air is -200 C. The film coefficient
for outside air and brick is 55.4 W/m 2 K. Film co-efficient for inside air and cement is
17W/m2K. Find the heat flow rate.
Take, k for brick = 2.5 W/mK; k for cork = 0.05 W/mK; k for cement = 0.28W/mK
Given:
Thickness of brick, L3 = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Thickness of cork, L2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Thickness of cement, L1= 15cm = 0.15 m
Inside air temperature, Ta = -200 C
= -20+ 273 = 253 K
Outside air temperature, Tb = 250 C
= 25+ 273 = 298 K
Film co-efficient for inner side, ha = 17W/m2K
Film co-efficient for outside, hb = 55.4 W/m2K
kbrick = k3 = 2.5 W/mK
kcork = k2 = 0.05 W/mK
kcement =k1 = 0.28 W/mK
To find:
Heat flow rate (Q/A)
26
Solution:
Requ
From HMT Data book page No.43

Heat flow through composite wall is given by
T overall
(T) overall = Ta - Tb
Ta
Tb
Ra
R1 R2
R3
Rb
Requ Ra R1 R2 R3 Rb
Requ
L
1
L
L
1
1 2 3
ha Aa k1 A1 k 2 A2 k3 A3 hb Ab
A=Aa=A1=A2=A3=Ab
Sub. T and Requ values in equ.(1)
Ta Tb
Q
1 1
L
L
L
1
1 2 3
A ha k1 k 2
k3 hb
(1)
Requ
1 1 L1 L2 L3 1

A ha k1 k 2 k3 hb
Ta Tb
Q
A 1
L
L
L
1
1 2 3
k3 hb
ha k1 k 2
Q
253 298
0.05
0.1
0.2
1
A 1
17
0
.
294
0
.
043
3
.
45
45
Q
9.5 W/m 2
A
The negative sign indicates that the heat flows
from the outside Into the cold room.
27
5. A furnace wall is made up of three layers, inside layer with thermal conductivity
8.5W/mK, the middle layer with conductivity 0.25 W/mK, the outer layer with
conductivity 0.08 W/mK; The respective thickness of the inner, middle and outer layers
are 25 cm, 5cm, and 3 cm respectively. The inside and outside wall temperatures are
6000C and 500C respectively. Draw the equivalent electrical circuit for conduction of heat
through the wall and find thermal resistance, heat flow/m 2 and interface temperatures.
Given:
Thermal conductivity of inner layer, k1= 8.5 W/mK
Thermal conductivity of middle layer, k2 = 6.25 W/mK.
Thermal conductivity of outer layer, k3 = 0.08 W/mK
Inner thickness, L1= 25 cm = 0.25 m
Middle layer thickness, L2 = 5 cm =, 0.05 m
Outer layer thickness, L3 = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Inside wall temperature, T1 = 6000 C + 273 = 873 K
Outside wall temperature, T4 = 500 C + 273 = 323 K
To find:
1. Equivalent electrical circuit
2. Heat flow per m2
3. Thermal resistance
4. Interface temperatures
28
Solution:
1 L1 L2 L3
Requ

A k1 k 2 k3
Sub. T and Requ values in equ.(1)
1.Equivalent electrical circuit:

T1
T4
R1
R2
R3
2.Heat flow through composite wall :

From HMT Data book page No.43
Heat flow through composite wall is given by
T overall
Requ
(T) overall = T1 - T4
Requ R1 R2 R3
L1
L2
L3
Requ
k1 A1 k 2 A2 k3 A3
A=A1=A2=A3
(1)
T1 T4
L1 L2 L3
k1 k 2
k3
Q
T1 T4
A L1 L2 L3
k3
k1 k 2
Q
873 323
A 0.25 0.05 0.03
0.25 0.08
8.5
Q
909.97 W/m 2
A
29
3) Thermal Resistance
Requ
Requ
L1 L2 L3

k1 k 2 k3
0.25 0.05 0.03
8.5 0.25 0.08
Requ= 0.604 K/W

4) Interface temperatures
T1 T4 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4
Q
Requ
R1
R2
R3
Q
Q
T1 T2
R1
T1 T2
L1
k1 A
Q T1 T2
A
L1
k1
909.97
873 T2
0.25
8.5
T2=846.23 K
Similarly
T2 T3
R2
T2 T3
Q
L2
k2 A
Q T2 T3
A
L2
k2
846.23 T3
909.97
0.05
0
.
25
T3=846.23 K
30
6. Composite slab is made of three layers 15 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm thickness respectively.

The first layer is made of material with k = 1.45 W/mK, for 60% of the area and the rest
of material with k = 2.5 W/mK. The second layer is made of material with k = 12.5 W/mK
for 50% of area and rest of material with
k = 18.5 W/mK. The third layer is made of
single material of k = 0.76 W/mK. The composite slab is exposed on one side to warm at
260 C and cold air at -200 C. The inside heat transfer co-efficient is 15 W/m 2K. The outside
heat transfer co-efficient is 20 W/m2K. Determine heat flow rate and interface
temperatures.
Given:
L1 = 15 cm = 0.15 m
L2 = 10 cm = 0.1 m
L3 = 12 cm = 0.12 m
k1a = 1.45 W/mK, A1a =0 .60
k1b = 2.5 W/mK, A1b =0.40
k2a = 12.5 W/mK, A2a = 0.50
k2b = 18.5 W/mK, A2b =0.50
k3 = 0.76 W/mK
Ta = 260 C + 273 = 299 K
Tb = -200 C + 273 = 253 K
h = 15 W/m2K
To find:
(i) Heat flow rate (Q)
(ii) Interface temperatures
Solution:
31
Equivalent electrical circuit:

R1a
Ra
R1b
R2a
R2b
R3
Rb
1.Heat transfer rate:

Equivalent of Ra1 and Ra2:
1 1
1
R1 R1a R1b
R1
R1a R1b
R1a R1b
32
Equivalent of Rb1 and Rb2:
1
1
1
R2 R2 a R2b
Circuit reduces to:
Ra
R1
R2
R3
Rb
33
L3
0.12
R3
k3 A3 0.76 1
R3 0.15789 K/W
Rb
1
1
1 20
kb Ab
Rb 0.05 K/W
Q
Q
Ta Tb
Ra R1 R2 R3 Rb
299 253
0.066 0.08 0.0064 0.15789 0.066
Q 127.67 W
Interface Temperatures:
T T
T T T T
T T
T T
T T
Q a b a 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 b
R equ
Ra
R1
R2
R3
Rb
Q
127.67
Ta T1
Ra
299 T1
0.066
T1 290.57 K
T1 T2
R1
127.67
290.57 T2
0.08
T1 280.35 K
34
127.67
T2 T3
R2
280.35 T3
0.0064
T1 279.53 K
T T
Q 3 4
R3
127.67
279.53 T4
0.15789
T1 259.37 K
Result:
(i) Heat flow rate, Q = 127.67 W
(ii) Interface temperatures
T1 = 290.57 K
T2 = 280.35 K
T3 = 279.532 K
T4 = 259.374 K
35
General Heat Conduction equation in Cylindrical coordinates

Let,
Element of sides dr, d and dz in r, & z direction
respectively
volume of the element dv = r d dr dz
q Heat flux = Q/A
q - Heat generated per unit time per unit volume

Qr , Q , Qz - Heat conducted into the element in r, ,& z
direction respectively
Qr+dr , Q +d , Qz+dz - Heat conducted out of the
element in r, & z direction
36
Applying First law of Thermodynamics and Energy Balance to the element,

Energy input = Energy output
Heat input = Increase in internal energy + Work done
Net Heat
conducted
into the element
(I)
Increase
in
Work done by
Internal heat
+
= internal energy
element
per
generated per
per unit time
unit time
unit time
(III)
(II)
I.
Net
Heat
conducted into the
element
Net Heat
conducted in
r -direction
(IV)
Net Heat
conducted in
-direction
Net Heat conducted of the element in r -direction
Net Heat
conducted in
z -direction
Q r Qr+dr
T
Qr k r d dz
r
37
Qr dr
Qr Qr dr
r
k r d dz
Qr Qr dr k r d dz
k r d dz
Qr Qr dr
T
r
k
r
d
dz
dr
r
r
T k r d dz T
r
k
r
d
dz
dr
r
r
T
T
T
k r d dz
k r d dz dr
r
r r
r

T
k
r
d
dz
dr
r
r
2T T
k dr d dz r. 2
.1
r
r
2T T 1
Qr Qr dr k r dr d dz
.
2
r r
r
38
Net Heat conducted of the element in -direction = Q Q +d

Q k dr dz
Q d Q
T
r
Q rd
r
k dr dz
r r
k
dr
dz
r d
T
T
Q Q d k dr dz
k dr dz
r
r r
T
T
k dr dz
r
r r

T
Q Q d
k dr dz
rd
r
r
2T
1
rdr dzd
Q Q d k
r 2 2
k dr dz
T
k dr dz r rd
k
dr
dz
rd
39
Similarly,
Net Heat conducted of the element in z -direction =Q z Qz+dz
T
T
T
Qz Qz dz k r d d
k rd dr
k rd dr
dz
z
z z
z
2T
Qz Qz dz krd drdz
z 2
I. Net Heat conducted into the element
(1) + (2) + (3)
2T
2T
2T T 1
1
rdr dzd krd drdz

k r dr d dz
. k
2
r 2 2
r 2 r r
II. Internal heat generated per unit time:
Q Volumetric heat generation per unit time Volume of the element

.
Qq
rddrdz
40
III. Increase in internal energy per unit time:
m Cp
T
t
rddrdz C p
IV. Work done
T
t
Work done by the element = 0

Values of (I),(II),(III) & (IV) in equ.(A)
2T
2T .
2T T 1
1
T
rdr dzd krd drdz
k r dr d dz
. k
q (rd drdz ) (rddrdz )C p
2
r 2 2
t
r 2 r r
Divide by "k r dr d dz"

.
2T T 1 1 2T 2T q C p T

.

2
2
2
2
r
r
k
k t
r
z
r
41
.
2T T 1 1 2T 2T q C p T

.

2
2
2
2
r
r
k
k t
r
z
r
Thermal diffusivity
C p
.
2
2
2
T 1 T
1 T T q 1 T
.
.

2
2
2
2
r
r
k t
r
r
z
The above equation is known as Three Dimensional Heat conduction equation in

cylindrical coordinates
42
Temperature Distribution and Heat transfer rate for Hollow Cylinder
Assumption:
Cylinder wall Material having uniform
thermal conductivity.
Let,
r1-Inner radius of Hollow cylinder
r2- Outer radius of Hollow cylinder
T1 -Inner temperature
T2 -Outer temperature
k thermal conductivity
dr-elemental area of thickness
We know that,
Three dimensional heat conduction equation
in cylindrical coordinate is
.
2
2
2
T 1 T
1 T T q 1 T
.
.

2
2
2
2
r r
k t
r
r
z

Based on the assumption the equation reduces to
direction (i.e.) r direction only
2T 1 T
.
0
2
r r
r
43
Apply First boundary condition in equ (1)

2T 1 T
.
0
2
r r
r
(2)
Apply second boundary condition in equ (1)
1
T
. kr
0
r r
r
(3)
Equ.(3) Equ(2) gives
On integration,
kT2 kT1 C1 ln r2 C1 ln r1
T C1
k
r
r
kT C1 ln r C2
Boundary conditions:
(i) r = r1 @ T=T1
(ii) r = r2 @ T=T2
(1)
Substituting C1 Value in
equ.(2)
44
Substitute C1 and C2 value in equation (1)
Heat transfer rate:

From Fourier law of conduction
we know that,
Q kA
Divide the above equation by k
dT
dr
Area of a cylinder A = 2rL

dT
Q k 2rL
dr
dr
Q k 2L dT
r
On integration,
T
dr
Q k 2L dT
r r
T
r2
Q ln r r k 2L T T
r2
T2
45
Q ln r2 ln r1 k 2L T2 T1 From Equ.(4) and (5)

r2
k 2L T1 T2
Q ln
r1
Thermal Resistance
2kL T1 T2
Q
r2
ln
r1
T T1 T2
r2
1
R
ln
2kL r1
Electrical Analogy:
T1 T2
Q
r2
1
ln
2kL r1
Q
T
R
(4)
(5)
46
7. A hollow cylinder 5 cm inner radius and 10 cm outer radius has inner surface
temperature of 2000 C and outer surface temperature of 100 0 C. If the thermal
conductivity is 70 W/mK, find heat transfer per unit length.
Given:
Inner radius, rl = 5 cm= 0.05 m
Outer radius, r2 = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Inner surface temperature,
T I = 200 + 273 = 473 K
Outer surface temperature,
T2 = 100 + 273 = 373 K
Thermal conductivity, k = 70 W/mK
Solution:
Q 2k T1 T2
L
r
ln 2
r1
HMT data book page no.43

Heat transfer through hollow cylinder is
T
Q
given by
where
T T1 T2
R
r
1
ln 2
2kL r1
2kL T1 T2
r
ln 2
r1
Q 2 70 473 373
L
0.1
ln
0
.
05
Q
63453.04 W/m
L
47
Heat Transfer Through Coaxial cylinders:
From Data book pg.no:43
T overall
Requ
Toverall Ta Tb
Requ Rconv1 R1 R2 Rconv 2
Q
1
2L
Ta Tb
1 ln r2 r1 ln r3 r2
1
ha r1
k1
k2
hb r3
Also,
Q UA T overall
U Overall Heat transfer coefficient
Q U i Ai T overall U o Ao T overall
Ui, Uo Overall Heat transfer coefficient
based on Inside and Outside area
48
8. A pipe carrying steam at 230C has an internal diameter of 12 cm and the pipe
thickness is 7.5 mm. The conductivity of the pipe material is 49 W/mK the convective
heat transfer coefficient on the inside is 85 W/m 2K. The pipe is insulated by two layers of
insulation one of 5 cm thickness of conductivity 0.15 W/mK and over it another 5 cm
thickness of conductivity 0.48 W/mK. The outside is exposed to air at 35C with a
convection coefficient of 18 W/m2K. Determine the heat loss for 5 m length. Also
determine the interface temperatures and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on
inside and outside areas.
Given:
Solution:
Temperature of steam inside the pipeT1=2300C
Internal diameter of the steam pipe d1=12cm=0.12m
Thickness of the pipe = 7.5 mm=0.0075m
Conductivity of the pipe material = 49 W/mK
Outside convective heat transfer coefficient =85W/m2K
Thickness of first insulation layer = 5cm=0.05m
Conductivity of first insulation layer = 0.15W/mK
Thickness of second insulation layer = 5cm=0.05m
Conductivity of first insulation layer = 0.48 W/mK
Outside air temperature T 2=350C
Outside convective heat transfer coefficient = 18W/m2K
Length of the pipe = 5m
49
Equivalent Electrical circuit:
1
2L
T overall
Requ
T1 T 2
1 ln r2 r1 ln r3 r2 ln r4 r3
1
h1r1
k1
k2
k3
h2 r4
1
2 5
235 35
1
ln 0.0675 0.06 ln 0.1175 0.0675 ln 0.1675 0.1175
1
85 0.06
49
0.15
0.48
18 0.1675
195
0.158
Q 1234.06 W
50
Interface Temperatures:
FindingT1:
T1 T1
Q
1
2h1r1 L
Finding T2:
Q
1234.06
T1 T2
r
1
ln 2
2k1 L r1
222.3 T2
1
0.0675
ln
2 49 5 0.06
51
Finding T3:
Q
T2 T3
r
1
ln 3
2k 2 L r2
1234.06
222.2 T3
1
0.1175
ln
2 0.15 5 0.0675
Finding T4:
Q
1234.06
T3 T4
r
1
ln 4
2k3 L r3
77.04 T4
1
0.1675
ln
2 0.48 5 0.1175
52
9. A composite cylinder is made of 6 mm thick layers each of two materials of thermal

conductivities of 30 W/mC and 45 W/mC. The inside is exposed to a fluid at 500C with
a convection coefficient of 40 W/m 2 C and the outside is exposed to air at 35C with a
convection coefficient of 25 W/m 2K. There is a contact resistance of 1 10 3 m2 C/W
between the layers. Determine the heat loss for a length of 2 m and the surface
temperatures. Inside dia = 20 mm
Solution:
Adding the contact resistances, contact resistance

has to be for the area encountered.
The area = 2 0.016 2
m2
53
T1 T 2
Q
Rc1 R1 Rcontact R2 Rc 2
Q = 1327 W
Overall heat transfer coefficient:
Based on inside area hi= Q/T Ai
1327
(500 35)(2 0.01 2)
hi = 22.7 W/m2K
54
Based on outside area h0= Q/T Ao
1327
(500 35)(2 0.022 2)
h0= 16.52 W/m2K

Interface Temperatures :
FindingT1:
T1 T1
1
2h1r1 L
1327
500 T1
1
2 0.01 40 2
Finding T2:
Q
T1 T2
r
1
ln 2
2k1 L r1
236 T
2
1327
0.016
ln
0.01
2 30 2
Finding T21
1327
55
Finding T3 :
1327
227.75 T
3
0.022
ln

0
.
016

2 45 2
56
Temperature Distribution and Heat transfer rate for Hollow Sphere
Assumption:
Sphere wall Material having uniform
thermal conductivity
direction (i.e.) r direction only
Let,
rl -hollow sphere of inner radius
r2- outer radius
T1- inner temperature
T2 outer temperature
k thermal conductivity
dr-elemental area of thickness
We know that,
Three dimensional heat conduction equation
in cylindrical coordinate is
1 2 T
r
r 2 r r
1 2T
1
T q 1 T
2 2 2 2
sin
k t
r sin r sin
Based on the assumption the equation reduces

to
1 2 T
r
0
r 2 r
r
57
Applying Second boundary condition in

Equ(A)
(C)
1 2 T
r
0
r
r 2 r
Equ (B)-Equ(C)
On Integration,
(A)
Boundary Conditions:
(i) r = r1, T = T1
(ii) r = r2, T = T2
Applying first boundary condition in
Equ(A)
(B)
Apply C1value in Equ (B)
Apply C1 and C2value in Equ (A)
58
Heat transfer rate:
we know that,
Q kA
dT
dr
Area of a cylinder A = 4r2

2 dT
Q k 4r
dr
dr
Q 2 k 4 dT
r
On integration,
This above equation is the required
temperature distribution equation for
hollow sphere
T
dr
Q 2 4k dT
r r
T
r2
Q
r
r2
4k T T
T2
1
r1
59
1
Q
r
r2
Electrical Analogy:
4k T T
T2
1
r1
1 1
Q 4k T2 T1
r2 r1
r r1
Q 2
4k T2 T1
r1r2
4k T2 T1
Q
r2 r1
rr
12
Q
T1 T2
1 r2 r1
4k r1r2
T1 T2
1 r2 r1
4k r1r2
T
R
(4)
(5)
Comparing Equ.(4) and (5)

Thermal Resistance
T T1 T2
R
1 r2 r1
4k r1r2
60
10. A spherical vessel of internal diameter 0.3 m and thickness of 20mm is made of steel
with conductivity of 40 W/mk. The vessel is insulated with two layers of 60 mm thickness
of conductivity 0.05 and 0.15 W/mK. The inside surface is at -196 0C. The outside is
exposed to air at 300C with convection coefficient of 35 W/m 2K. There is a contact
resistance of
1x103 m2 0C/W between the two insulations. Determine the heat gain and
also the surface temperatures and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the
outside surface area of the metallic vessel.
Given:
Spherical vessel
Internal diameter = 0.3 m
Thickness
= 20mm
Thermal conductivity of steel = 40 W/mK
Insulation layer thickness =60 mm
Insulation layer 1
= 0.05 W/mK
Insulation layer 2
= 0.15 W/mK
Inside surface temperature = -1960C
Outside temperature = 300C
Convection co-efficient = 35W/m2k
Contact resistance = 1 x10-3W/m2 0C
61
Solution:
(Note:
Here the inside surface temperature is specified. Hence there is no convective resistance
on the inside.)
62
The negative sign indicates the heat flow from outside to inside
63
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on the

outside area of the vessel
Finding T4 :
Q = UA T
76.6 = U 4 0.172 ( 196 30)
U = 0.932 W/m2 K.
Interface temperatures:
Finding T3 :
Finding T4
64
2. A steel tube with 5cm ID, 7.6cm OD and k = 15 W/m 0C is covered with an insulative
covering of thickness 2cm and k = 0.2 W/mC. A hot gas at 330C with h = 400 W/m 20Cflows
inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30C with
h = 60W/m2 0C. Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10m of the tube and the
temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistances of the hot gas flow, the steel tube, the
insulation layer and the outside air.
65
Critical Radius of Insulation:

The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer
is maximum is called critical radius of insulation
and the corresponding thickness is called critical
thickness.
Consider a cylinder having thermal conductivity
k. Let r1 and ro inner and outer radii of insulation.
Q
Ti T
r
ln o
r1
2kL
Considering, h be the outside heat transfer coefficient

Q
Ti T
r
ln o
r1 1
2kL
Ao h
Ao 2ro L
66
Ti T
Q
ro
ln
1
r1
2kL
2ro Lh
Critical radius for cylinder

k
rc
h
To find the critical radius of insulation,

differentiate Q with respect to r0 and equate it to
zero
dQ
dr0
1
1
2hLr02
2kLr0
r
1
1
ln 0
2kL r1
2hLr0
0 Ti T
Since Ti -T 0
1
1
0
2
2kLr0 2hLr0
k
r0 rC
h
67
11. A wire of 6 mm diameter with 2 mm thick insulation (K = 0.11 W/mK). If the

convective heat transfer co-efficient between the insulating surface and air is 25 W/m 2K,
find the critical thickness of insulation and also find the percentage of change in the heat
transfer rate if the critical radius is used.
Given:
d1 = 6 mm
r1= 3 mm = 0.003 m
r2 = r 1 + 2 = 3 + 2
= 5 mm
= 0.005 m
k=0.11 W/mK
hb = 25 W/m2K
To find:
1. Critical thickness
2. % of change in heat transfer
Solution:
From eqn. no. (1.50)
1. Critical radius:
Critical thickness, tc = rc - r1
= 4.4 x 10-3 0.003
= 1.4 mm
x 10-3 m
Critical thickness, tc =
2. Percentage of increase in heat flow by
using critical radius
Q2 Q1
100
Q1
Where,
Q1 - Heat transfer through the wire at ro=r2
Q2 - Heat transfer through the wire at ro = rc
68
Heat transfer through an insulated wire is

given by at r0=r2
Percentage of increase in heat flow by using

critical radius
Heat transfer through an insulated wire is

given by at r0=rc
69
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE HEAT CONDUCTION WITH INTERNAL

HEAT GENERATION:
Three Dimensional Heat conduction equation:
.
T T T q 1 T
2 2
2
x
y
z
k t
2
For One dimensional steady state with internal heat

generation condition the above equation reduces to
.
T
q
0
2
k
x
2
In many practical cases, there is a heat generation within the system.

Typical examples are,
1. Electric coils
2. Resistance heater
3. Nuclear reactor
4. Combustion of fuel in the fuel bed of boiler furnaces.
70
Plane wall with internal heat generation:

From Data book pg.no.47
Temp. at mid plane or axis
.
T0 Tw
q 2
L
2k
Temp. at distance x from mid plane,

.
q 2
Tx T0 x
2k
Temperature distribution
2
Tx T0
x
L
Tw T0
For Outside convection

.
Wall temperature T T qL
w
h
Heat flow at plane x from centre,
.
qx q x
71
12. An electric current is passed through a plane wall of thickness 150mm which
generates heat at the rate of 50,000 W/m 3. The convective heat transfer co-efficient
between wall and ambient air is 65 W/m 2K, ambient air temperature is 28C and the
thermal conductivity of the wall material is 22 W/mK. Calculate
1. Surface temperature
2. Maximum temperature in the wall.
Given:
Thickness,2L = 150 mm = 0.150 m
L= 0.15/2 m
Heat generation, q = 50,000 W/m3
Convective heat transfer
co-efficient, h = 65 W/m2K
Ambient air temperature, T= 28 C
=28 + 273 = 301 K
To find:
1. Surface temperature
2. Maximum temperature in the wall.
Solution:
Surface temperature:
.
Tw T
Tw 301
qL
h
50000 0.15 2
65
Tw 358.6 K
Maximum temperature
Maximum temperature occurs at mid plane
.
T0 Tw
q 2
L
2k
72
Tmax
q 2
T0 Tw
L
2k
358.6
50000 0.15
2 22
73
13.An electric current is passed through a composite wall made up of two layers. First
layer is steel of 10 cm thickness and second layer is brass of 8 cm thickness. The outer
surface temperature of steel and brass are maintained at 120 0 C and 650 C respectively.
Assuming that the contact between two slab is perfect and the heat generation is
1,65,000W/m3
Determine:
1. Heat flux through the outer surface of brass slab
2. Interface temperature.
Take k for steel is 45 W/mK. K for brass is 80W/mK.
Given:
Thickness of steel, LI = 10 cm = 0.10 m
Thickness of brass, L2 = 8 cm = 0.08 m
Surface temperature of steel, T1 = 1200 C
=120+ 273 = 393 K
Outer surface temperature of brass, T3 = 650 C
=65+ 273 = 338 K
Heat generation, = 1,65,000 W/m3
Thermal conductivity of steel k 1 = 45 W/mK
Thermal
To find: conductivity of brass k2 = 80 W/mK
I) Heat flux through the surface of the brass
74
slab
Solution:
Let
q1- Heat flux through the surface of the steel slab.
q2 - Heat flux through the surface of the brass slab.
75
eat transfer through steel, is given by
76
HEAT TRANSFER WITH EXTENDED SURFACES (FINS):

Convection is to be heat transferred between a fluid and a surface. In such cases the heat
flow depends on three factors namely
(i) Area of the surface
(ii) Temperature difference and
(iii) Convective heat transfer coefficient
Different Types of Fins:
(a) Longitudinal Fin of Rectangular Profile
b) Cylindrical Tube with Fins of Rectangular

Profile
(c) Longitudinal Fin of Trapezoidal Profile
(d) Longitudinal Fin of Parabolic Profile
77
(e) Cylindrical Tube with Radial g) Cylindrical Pin Fin

Fin of Rectangular Profile:
Commonly there are three types

of fin:
1. Infinitely long fin
2. Short fin (end is insulated)
3. Short fin (end is not insulated)
(f) Cylindrical Tube with

Radial Fin of Truncated
Conical Profile
(h) Truncated Conical

Spine
(i) Parabolic Spine.
78
Temperature distribution and Heat dissipation in fin

A steady state conditions, heat balance equation for that
element is as follows.
Heat conducted
Heat conducted
Heat convected
=
into the element
out of the element + to the element
Qx Qx dx Qconv
(1)
Where,
dT
Q kA
dx
Qx dx Qx
Qx dx
x
dT
dT
kA
kA
dx
dx
dx x
d 2T
dT
Qx dx kA
kA 2 dx
dx
dx
79
Substitute Qx and Qx+dx Value in equ (1)
T T
d dT
dx dx
d 2 d 2T
2
2
dx
dx
(2)
Equation (2) shows that the temperature is a
function of x and m. It is a second order, linear
differential equation. Its general solution is
(3)
This is the Required temperature distribution
for fin
80
Case (i): Infinitely long fin
Substituting C2 = 0 value in equation (4)
Boundary conditions
(i) T = Tb at x = 0;
(ii) T = T at x = :
(3)
Substituting CI and C2 value in equation (3)
Apply first boundary condition in equ. (3)
(4)
Where,
T b - Base temperature, K
T - Surrounding temperature, K
T - Intermediate temperature, K
x - Distance, m
81
Heat dissipation:
Heat dissipation through the fin is
obtained by integrating the heat lost by
convection over the entire fin surface.
We know that
82
Case (ii): Fin with insulated end (Short fin)
Equ (3)
The fin has a finite length and the tip of

fin is insulated.
Applying the second boundary condition,
i.e., at x= 0, T = Tb Equ (3)
Boundary conditions
(i)
(ii
)
w.k.t, Temperature Distribution for uniform
cross section
(3)
Apply first boundary condition in equ (3)
Substituting C2 value in equation(4)

(4)
83
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by

emL in first term and e-mL in second term on RHS
Substituting C1 and C2 value in equation (3)
e x e x
cosh x
2
84
In terms of hyperbolic function it can be

written as
(4)
Equ (4) represents Temperature distribution
of fin with insulated end
Substitute dT/dx value in equ(5)
At x = 0,
Heat dissipation:
Heat transferred,
(5)
From equ (4)
Differentiating with respect to x
85
Case (iii): Fins with Convection off the End
Apply first boundary condition in equ (3)
Heat conducted to the end is convected away

to the surrounding fluid
Apply Second boundary condition in equ (3)
Boundary conditions
(i)
(ii)
(or)
w.k.t, Temperature distribution

(3)
86
For rectangular section:
87
Fin efficiency
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transferred fin to the
maximum possible heat transferred by the fin.
fin
Q fin
Qmax
Fin effectiveness
It is defined as the ratio of heat transfer with fin to heat transfer without fin.
Fin Effectiveness
Qwith fin
Qwithout fin
Note:
Adding the fin is suggested when the effectiveness of the fin is greater than two.
88
14. Find the heat loss from a rod of 3 mm in diameter and infinitely Long when its base is
maintained at 140 C. The conductivity of the material is 150 W/mK and heat transfer
co-efficient on the surface of the rod is 300 W/m 2K. The temperature of the air
surrounding the rod is 15 C.
Given:
Fin diameter, d = 3 mm = 3 x 10-3 m
Base temperature, Tb = 1400 C
=140+ 273 = 413 K
Surrounding Temperature, T= 150 C
=15+ 273 = 288 K
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 300 W/m2K
To find:
Heat loss (Q)
Solution:
The rod is infinitely long. So, the heat loss is given
by
Area A
2
2
d 3 10 3
4
4
3
Perimeter P d 3 10
P 9.42 10 3 m
Q 413 288 300 9.42 10 3 150 7.06 10 6
Q=6.838 W
Q Tb T hPkA
[Refer HMT data book page no.49 (Sixth edition)]
89
15. A Long rod 5 cm diameter its base is connected to a furnace wall at 150 C, while tile
end is projecting into tile room at 20 C. The temperature of tile rod at distance of 20 cm
apart from its base is 60 C Tile conductivity of the material is 200 W/mK. Determine
convective heat transfer co-efficient.
Given:
Diameter of the rod, d = 5 cm = 5 x 10-2 m
Base temperature, Tb = 150 C + 273 = 423 K
Surrounding Temperature, T= 20C + 273 = 293 K
Distance, x = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Intermediate temperature,T = 60 C + 273 = 333 K
To find:
Heat transfer co-efficient, h
Solution:
For long fin temperature distribution
[From HMT data book page no.49}
90
[From HMT data book

page no.49]
A = 1.96 x 10-3 m2
91
16. One end of the long solid rod of 50 mm diameter is inserted into a furnace with the
other end is projecting the atmosphere at 25 C Once the steady state is reached, the
temperature of the rod is measured at two points 20 cm apart are found to be 150C and
100 C The convective heat transfer co-efficient between the rod and the surrounding air
is 30 W/m2K. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the rod material.
Given:
Diameter of the rod, d = 50 mm = 0.050 m
Atmospheric temperature, T= 25C
=25+ 273 = 298 K
Distance, x = 20 cm = 0.20 m
Base temperature, Tb = 150 C
=150 + 273 = 423 K
Intermediate temperature, T = 100 C
=100 + 273 = 373 K
Heat transfer co-efficient, h = 30 W/m2K.
To find :
Thermal conductivity of the rod
Solution:
Since the rod is long, it is treated as long fin. So,
temperature distribution
[From HMT data book
page no.49]
92
Area
2
A d
4
0.05 2
4
A 1.96 10 3 m 2
k =369.7 W/mK
Perimeter P d 0.050
P 0.157 m
93
17.An aluminium alloy fin of 7 mm thick and 50 mm long protrudes from a wall, which is
maintained at 1200 C The ambient air temperature is 22 C. The heat transfer coefficient
and conductivity of the fin material are 140 W/m 2K and 55 W/mK respectively.
Determine
1. Temperature at the end of the fin.
2. Temperature at the middle of the fin.
3. Total heat dissipated by the fin.
Given:
Solution:
Thickness, t = 7 mm = 0.007 m
Since the length of the fin is 50 mm, it is
Length, L = 50 mm = 0.050 m
treated as short fin. Assume end is insulated.
Ambient temperature, T = 22 + 273 = 295 K We know that,
Temperature distribution
Thermal conductivity, k = 55 W/mK.
To find :
I. Temperature at the end of the fin.
2. Temperature at the middle of the fin
3. Total heat dissipated by the fin
(From HMT data book page no. 49J
94
i) Temperature at the end of the fin

Put x = L
T T
1
Tb T cos h 26.9 0.050

T T
1
Tb T 2.05
T 295
1
393 295 2.05
T 295 47.8
T 342.8 K
Temperature at the end of the fin Tx=L=342.8K
A= 0.00035 m2
95
ii) Temperature at the middle of the fin
iii) Total heat dissipated
Put x = L/2
[From HMT data book page no. 49]
Temperature at the middle of the fin

Tx=L/2 = 354.04 K
96
18. A rectangular aluminium fins of 0.5 mm square and 12 mm long are attached on a
plane plate which is maintained at 80 C. Surrounding air temperature is 22 C.
Calculate the number of fins required to generate 35 x 10 -3 W of heat. Take k = 165
W/mK and
h = 10 W/m2 K. Assume no heat loss from the tip of the fin.
97
19. Ten thin brass fins (k = 100 W/mK), 0.75 mm thick are placed axially on a 1m long
and
60 mm diameter engine cylinder which is surrounded by 27 oC. The fins are
extended 1.5cm from the cylinder surface and the heat transfer co-efficient between
cylinder and atmospheric air is 15W/m 2 K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer and the
temperature at the end of fins when the cylinder surface is at 160 0 C.
Given:
Number of fins = 10
Thickness of the fin, t = 0.75 mm = 0.75 x 10 -3 m
Length of engine cylinder, Lcy = 1 m
Diameter of the cylinder, d = 60 mm = 0.060 m
Atmosphere temperature, T= 270 C + 273 = 300 K
Length of the fin, Lf= 1.5 cm = 1.5 x 10-2 m
Cylinder surface temperature
or
98
To find:
1. Rate of heat transfer Q
2. Temperature at the end of the fin
Solution:
Length of the fin is 1.5 cm. So, this is short
fin. Assuming that the fin end is insulated.
[From HMT data book page no. 49]

where
P - Perimeter = 2 x Length of the cylinder
= 2 x 1 = 2m
A = Area Length of the cylinder x
Thickness
= 1 x 0.75 x 10-3
=0.75 x 10-3 m2
99
Heat transfer from unfinned surface due to

convection is
100
101
20.Circumferential rectangular fin of 140 mm wide, and 5 mm thick are fitted on a 200
mm diameter tube. The fin base temperature is 170 C and the ambient temperature is
25C Estimate fin efficiency and heat loss per fin.
Take Thermal conductivity, k = 220 W/mK
Given:
Wide, L= 140 mm = 0.140 m
Thickness, t = 5 mm = 0.005 m
Diameter, d = 200 mm; r = 100 mm = 0.1 m
Fin base temperature, Tb = 1700 C + 273 = 443 K
Ambient Temperature, T = 250 C + 273 = 298 K
Thermal conductivity, k = 220 W/mK.
To find:
1. Fin efficiency
2. Heat loss, Q
Solution:
A rectangular fin is long and wide. So,
heat loss is calculated by using fin
efficiency curves.
[From HMT data book page no.50
(Sixth edition)}
Corrected length, Lc = L + t/2

= 0.140 +(0.005/2)
= 0.1425 m
r2c = rl + Lc =0.100 +0.1425
= 0.2425 m
102
As = 2 [r2C2- r12]
= 2 [(0.2425)2 - (0.100)2]
= 0.30650 m2
Am = t [r2C - rl] = 0.005 [(0.2425)-(0.100)]
Am = 7.125 x 10-4 m2
By using these values, we can find fin

efficiency, from graph.
Fin efficiency, = 28 %
Heat transfer, Q = As h [Tb - T]
Q = 0.28 x 0.30650 x 140 x [443 - 298]
Q= 1742.99 W
Result:
I. Fin efficiency, = 28 %
2. Heat loss, Q = 1742.99 W
103
21. A circumferential rectangular profile fin on a pipe of 50 mm outer diameter is 3mm

thick and 20 mm long. Thermal conductivity is 45W/mK. Convection coefficient is 100
W/m2K. Base temperature is 1200C and the surrounding air temperature is 35 0C.
Determine:
(i) Heat flow rate per fin
(ii) Fin efficiency
(iii)Fin effectiveness
Area
2
d
4
104
Q=25.9W
105
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION (OR) UNSTEADY STATE CONDUCTION

Transient heat conduction can be divided in to
(i) Periodic heat flow
(ii) Non periodic heat flow
(iii) Periodic heat flow:
In periodic heat flow, the temperature varies on a regular basis.
Examples: Cylinder of an IC engine,
Surface of earth during a period of24 hours.
(ii) Non periodic heat flow:
In non periodic heat flow, the temperature at any point within the system varies
non-linearly with time.
Example: Heating of an ingot in a furnace, cooling of bars.
106
Lumped heat Analysis [Negligible internal resistance):

The process in which the internal resistance is assumed as negligible in comparison
with its surface resistance is known as Newtonian heating or cooling process.
In a Newtonian heating or cooling process the temperature is considered to be
uniform at a given time, Such an analysis is called lumped parameter analysis.
Condition for Lumped Heat Analysis:
Biot Number < 0.1
Biot Number:
The ratio of internal conduction resistance to the surface convection resistance is
known as Biot number.
Biot Number
Bi
Internal conduction resistance

Surface convection resistance
hL c
k
where ,
k - Thermal conductivity, W/mK
h - Heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
Lc - Characteristic length or Significant length
Lc = Volume/Surface area
107
For slab:
Characteristic length, Lc=L/2
(L - Thickness of the slab)
For cylinder:
Characteristic length, Lc =R/2
(R-Radius of cylinder)
For sphere:
Characteristic length, Lc =R/3
(R-Radius of cylinder)
For Cube:
(L - Thickness of the cube)
Biot Number Value
Type of problem
(i)
Lumped heat analysis
Bi < 0.1
(ii) 0.1<Bi<100
Infinite body
(iii)
Semi-infinite body
Bi
108
T - T
T0 - T
hA s
exp
cV
T - T
T0 - T
exp - Bi, Fo
109
22. A 50 x 50 cm2 aluminium slab of 6 mm thick is at 400 C initially and it is suddenly

immersed in water. So its surface temperature is lowered to 50C. Determine the time
required for the slab to reach 120 C. Take heat transfer co-efficient, h = 100 W/m 2K
Given:
Dimensions = 50 x 50 cm2
= 50 x 50 x 10-4 m2
Thickness, L = 6 mm
= 6 x 10-3 m
Initial temperature, To = 4000 C
= 673 K
Final temperature, T = 500 C
= 323 K
Intermediate temperature,
T = 1200 C + 273
= 393 K
To find:
Time (t) required to reach 1200 C
Solution:
The given problem is unsteady state heat
transfer.
Check Biot number value for Lumped
parameter analysis or not
From data book pg.no 57
Bi
hL c
k
For slab:
Lc = (6*10-3/2)
= 3*10-3m
hL c 100 3 103
Bi
k
204.2
Bi = 1.46 x 10-3
Bi < 0.1
110
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So, this is

lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system,
hA s
T - T
exp
T0 - T
cV
[From HMT data book page no.57 (Sixth

edition)}
t = 117.1 sec
Result:
Time required for the slab to reach 1200 C is 117.1 sec.
111
23. A steel ball (specific heat = 0.46 kJ/kg K and thermal conductivity = 35 W/mK)
having 5 cm diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of 450 C is suddenly placed
in a control environment in which the temperature is maintained at 100 C. Calculate
the time required for the ball to attained a temperature of 150 0C.Take h = 10 W/m2K
Given:
Specific heat, Cp = 0.46 kJ/kg K
= 460 J/kg K
Diameter of the sphere, D = 5 cm= 0.05 m
Radius of the sphere, R = 0.025 m
Initial temperature, To = 4500 C + 273
= 723 K
Final temperature, T= 1000 C + 273 = 373 K
Intermediate temperature, T = 1500 C + 273
= 423 K
To find:
Time required for the ball to reach 1500 C
Solution:
The given problem is unsteady state heat
transfer.
Check Biot number value for Lumped
parameter analysis or not
hL c
Bi
k
For sphere:
Characteristic length, Lc=R/3
(R-Radius of the-3sphere)
Lc = (25*10 /3)
= 8.33 x 10-3 m
112
hL c 10 8.33 10 3
Bi
k
35
Bi = 2.38 x 10-3
Bi < 0.1
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So, this is
lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system,
t = 5840.54 s
Result:
Time required for the ball to reach 1500 C is
5840.54s.
hA s
exp
cV
[From HMT data book page no.57 (Sixth

edition)}
T - T
T0 - T
113
SEMI- INFINITE SOLID:

A solid which extends itself infinitely in all directions of space is known as
infinite solid. If an Infinite solid is split in the middle by plane, each half is known as
semi-infinite solid.
Condition for Semi-infinite body:
Biot Number =
Types condition given in problems:
1.Surface temperature suddenly changed and maintained constant
2. The body is suddenly exposed to constant heat flux
3.Body suddenly exposed to convective condition with constant fluid temperature
114
24. A large concrete high way initially at a temperature of 70 0 C and stream water is
directed on the high way so that the surface temperature is suddenly lowered to 40 0C.
Determine the time required to reach 550C at a depth of 4 cm from the surface.
Given:
Solution:
Initial temperature Ti = 700C
= 70+273 = 343K
Final temperature T0 = 400C
= 40+273 = 313K
Intermediate temp Tx = 550C
= 55+273 = 328K
Depth x= 4cm = 0.04m
To find:
Time (t) required to reach 55 C
0
In this problem heat transfer co-efficient h is not

given.
So, take h=
From data book,
For concrete
Thermal conductivity k = 1.2790 W/mK
Thermal diffusivity = k /Cp
Biot Number (Bi) = hLc/k
Bi =
Therefore, the given problem is semi-infinite
problem
115
erf Z 0.5
Z 0.48 (From HMT Data book pg.no.59)
For Semi-infinite solid,
Tx T0
x
erf
Ti T0
2
Tx T0
erf Z
Ti T0
where, Z
x
2 t
x
Z
2 t
0.48
0.04
2 0.49 106 t
0.042
0.48
4 0.49 10 6 t
2
328 313
erf Z
343 313
0.5 erf Z
t 3535.8 sec
Result:
Time required to reach 550C = 3535.8 sec
116
25. A large block of steel is initially at a temperature of 35 0 C. The surface temperature is

suddenly raised and maintained at 250 0C. Calculate the temperature at a depth of 2.5 cm
after a time of 30 sec. The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of steel are 1.4 x
10-5m2/s and 45W/mK respectively.
Given:
Solution:

= 35+273 = 308K
In this problem heat transfer co-efficient h is

not given.
So, take h=

= 250+273 =523K
Depth x= 4cm = 0.04m
Time t= 30s
Thermal diffusivity = 1.4 x 10-5m2/s
Thermal conductivity k =45 W/mK
To find:
From data book,

Bi =
problem
Intermediate temperature Tx
117
erf 0.609 .6116

(From HMT Data book pg.no.59)
For Semi-infinite solid,
Tx T0
x
erf
Ti T0
2
Tx T0
erf Z
Ti T0
where, Z
x
2 t
0.025
5
2 1.4 10 30
Tx T0
erf 0.609
Ti T0
0.609
Tx T0
erf Z
Ti T0
Tx T0
0.6116
Ti T0
Tx 523
0.6116
308 523
Tx 391.5 K
Result:
Temperature at a depth of 2.5cm after 30sec is
391.5K
118
26.A semi-infinite slab of aluminium is exposed to a constant heat flux at the surface of
0.25 MW/m2. Initial temperature of the slab is 25 0 C. Calculate the surface temperature
after 10 minutes and also find the temperature at a distance of 30 cm from the surface
after 10 minutes.
Given:
Solution:
Heat flux
In this problem heat transfer co-efficient h is

not given.
So, take h=
q0= 0.25 MW/m2

= 0.25 x106 W/m2
= 25+273 = 298K
From data book,

Distance x= 30 cm = 0.03m
Time t= 10 min
= 600 sec
To find:
(i) Surface temp (To) after 10 min
(ii) Temp. (Tx) at a distance of 30cm from
the surface after 10 min
Thermal diffusivity = 84.18 x 10-6 m2/s

Thermal conductivity k =204.2 W/mK
Bi =
and constant heat flux problem
119
(i)Surface temperature (To) after 10min:

For Semi-infinite solid of constant heat
flux,
T0
q t
2
Ti
k
0.25 106
T0
2
298
204.2
T0 =
0.5
84.14 10 6 600
0.5
(ii) Temperature at a distance 30cm from

the surface
For Semi-infinite solid of constant heat
flux,
X axis = Dimensionless distance
Dimensionless distance
x
2 t
0.3
2 84.14 10 6 600
Curve
hx
k
Curve
Because h value is
From the chart For dimensionless

distance of ( ) and curve of
Tx T
Ti T
Tx T
Ti T
120

Txt Ti
0.3
1 erf
6
T Ti
2 84.14 10 600
0.3
exp 1 erf

6
2 84.46 10 600

121
Transient Heat flow in an Infinite body:

A solid which extends itself infinitely in all directions of space is known as infinite
solid.
Condition of Infinite body:
Biot number value lies between 0.1 to 100
(i.e) 0.1<Bi<100
Heisler chart:
This chart is used for finding the temperature distribution and heat flux of infinite
body .
122
27.A slab of Aluminium 10cm thick is originally at a temperature of 500 0C. It is suddenly
immersed in a liquid at 1000C resulting in a heat transfer co-efficient of 1200W/m 2K.
Determine the temperature at the centre line and the surface 1 minute after the
immersion. Also calculate the total thermal energy removed per unit area of the slab
during this period. The properties of aluminium for the given conditions are:
=8.4x10-5 m2/s
k=215W/mK
=2700kg/m3
C=0.9 kJ/kgK
Given:
Solution:
Thickness L=10cm =0.1m
Bi= h Lc /k
= 35+273 = 308K
= 250+273 = 523K
Heat transfer co-efficient h= 1200W/m2k
Lc=L/2
Lc = 0.1/2
=0.05m
To find:
Bi =(1200 x 0.05)/215
= 0.279
Bi value between 0.1 and 100.
(i)Temperature at the center line after 1 min

(ii)Temperature at the surface
(iii)Total thermal energy removed per unit area
Therefore, It is infinite body.
123
(i) Center temperature after 1 minute:

From data book pg.no.65 (sixth edition)
X axis = Fourier number
t
Fourier Number 2
Lc
L .1
Lc 0.05m
2 2
8.4 105 60
FourierNumber
(0.05) 2
2.016
hLc
Curve
k
1200 0.05
Curve
215
0.279
From the graph

Corresponding temperature distribution
for Fourier number(2.016) and curve
(0.279) value
Tx T
0.64
To T
Tx 373
0.64
773 373
Tx = 629 K
124
(ii) Temperature at the surface:

At surface, x= Lc
X=0.05m
From data book page. no 66
X axis = Biot number
Biot number = 0.279(already calculated)
Curve= x/Lc
= 0.05/0.05 =1
Tx T
0.88
To T
Tx 373
0.88
629 373
Tx 598.28 K
(iii) Total thermal energy removed (or)

Total heat energy removed:
From data book page. no 66
X axis = Fourier number =h2t/k2
(1200) 2 8.4 105 60
( 215) 2
X axis = 0.157
Curve =h Lc/k
1200 0.05
( 215) 2
Curve = 0.279
From the graph
Q/Q0 = 0.34
125

Q0 = m Cp L (Ti-T)
Q0 = 2700 x 0.9 x 103 x 0.1 (773-373)
= 97.2 x 106 J/m2
Q/Q0 =0.34
Q= 0.34 Q0
=0.34 x 97.2 x 106
= 33.04 x 106 J/m2
Total thermal energy removed per unit area = Q =33.64 x 10 6 J/m2
Result:
(i)Temperature at the centre line T0 = 629K
(ii) Temperature at the surface Tx = 598.28K
(iii) Total thermal energy removed per unit area Q = 33.04 x 10 6 J/m2
126
28. A long steel cylinder 12 cm diameter and initially at 20 0C is placed into furnace at
8200C with h=140 W/m2k. Calculate the time required for the axis temperature to reach
8000C. Also calculate the corresponding temperature at a radius of 5.4 cm at that time.
Physical properties of steel are k=21W/mK, =6.11x10 -6 m2/s
Given:
Diameter of the cylinder D=12cm =0.12m
Radius R= 0.12/2 =0.06m
= 20+273 = 293K
To find:
Final temperature T = 8200C

= 820+273 = 1093K
Heat transfer co-efficient h= 140W/m2k
Centre line temperature T0 = 8000C
= 800 + 273 =1073 K
Intermediate radius r = 5.4 cm = 5.4x10-2 m
Thermal diffusivity =6.11x10-6 m2/s
Thermal conductivity k =21 W/mK
Solution:
(i)Time (t) required for the axis temp. to reach

8000C
(ii)Corresponding temperature (Tr) at a radius
of 5.4cm
Check the Biot number

Bi = hLc/k
For cylinder Lc= R/2
=0.06/2
= 0.03
Biot number = (140 x 0.03)/21
=0.2
0.1<Bi<100. So, it is infinite solid
127
(i)
Time (t) required for the axis temp.

to reach 8000C:
Refer HMT data book pg.no.68

Curve = h R/k
=(140 x .06)/21
=0.4
Y axis
T0 T
Ti T
5 0.06 2
t
6.11 106
t= 2945.9 sec
(ii) Corresponding temp. at a radius of 5.4cm
Refer HMT data book pg.no.69
Curve = r/R
= 0.054/0.06
= 0.9
1073 1093
293 1093
X axis = hR/k
= (140 x 0.06)/21
= 0.4
Y axis = 0.025
X axis = t/R2 = 5
5 0.06
t
6.11 106
2
From graph
Y axis = 0.84
128
Yaxis
Tr T
0.84
T0 T
Tr 1093
0.84
1073 1093
Tr = 1076.2K
Result:
(i) Time (t) required for the axis temp. to reach 800 0C
(ii) Temperature at a radius of 5.4cm
= 2945.9 sec
= 1076.2 K
129

HMT Unit 1

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ME 2251

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Phase Change Heat transfer and Heat Exchanger

Sachdeva, R.C., Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New

Ozisik, M.N., Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1994.

Kothandaraman, C.P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer New Age

Basic Concepts - Mechanism of Heat Transfer - Conduction,

Thermodynamics Vs Heat Transfer

Fourier law of Heat Conduction:

k - Thermal conductivity of the material

Newton law of Heat Convection:

h - Convective Heat transfer co-efficient

Stefan Boltzmann law of Radiation:

- Stefan Boltzmann constant

- Shape factor for the radiating surface

Comparison between the various modes of Heat transfer :

Between the solid

Between solid & fluid

Governing Law Fourier law

ii. By drift of free

ii. Forced convection

Three Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian coordinates

q - Heat generated per unit time per unit volume

I. Net Heat conducted into the element :

Net Heat conducted of the element (ABCDEFGH) in X-direction

Qx Rate of heat into the element through the face ABCD

I. Net Heat conducted into the element

(1) + (2) + (3)

II. Internal heat generated per unit time:

III. Increase in internal energy per unit time:

IV. Work done

Values of (I),(II),(III) & (IV) in equ.(A)

Divide the above equation by dx dy dz

The above equation is known as Three Dimensional Heat conduction equation

Case (i) : No heat sources

ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION

Substitute C1 and C2 value in equation (1)

Apply First boundary condition in equ (1)

The above equation is Temperature

The equ.(3) gives the Heat transfer rate

0.55 24 (373 313)

For Convection Heat transfer

Similar parameters are shown in table:

Potential Difference (Voltage)

Heat energy transferred

Electrical energy transferred

Equivalent Resistance for Composite System

When the walls of two or more than

Equivalent electrical circuit

Equivalent electrical circuit:

From HMT Data book (C. P

From HMT Data book page No.43

Sub. T and Requ values in equ.(1)

1.Equivalent electrical circuit:

2.Heat flow through composite wall :

A 0.25 0.05 0.03

0.25 0.05 0.03

8.5 0.25 0.08

Requ= 0.604 K/W

6. Composite slab is made of three layers 15 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm thickness respectively.

Equivalent electrical circuit:

1.Heat transfer rate:

Equivalent of Rb1 and Rb2: