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ARCHITECTURE
by:
PRATEEK RAJ GAUTAM
M.TECH ECE HBTI
SR.NO:725/09
What is CISC?
CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer
& are chips that are easy to program and
which make efficient use of memory.
Why to use CISC
Earliest machines were programmed in
assembly language and memory was slow and
expensive.
CISC reduce load from the programmer side
Each instruction executes multiple low level
operations
Intel 80x86 and Motorola 68,000 are based on
CISC
Intel pentium is hybrids, which runs CISC
instructions on fast RISC core
Issues with CISC
2-operand format.
where instructions have a source and a destination.
Register to register, register to memory, and memory to register
Multiple addressing modes for memory.
Variable length instructions.
length varies according to addressing mode.
Instructions which require multiple clock cycles to
execute.
Small number of general purpose registers.
So we need instructions which can operate on memory
Issues with CISC
Very large no of instructions.
Hard to remember.
Only 20% are used in 80% of program.
Implementing code is difficult
(which increase design time)
Size of package increase
(which requires more Silicon & increase cost).
Search for RISC
Longer programs & use of Compilers.
The majority of CISC instructions were rarely
used.
Some complex instructions were slower than
a group of simple instructions performing an
equivalent task
Too many instructions for designers to optimize each
one
What is RISC?
Reduced Instruction Set Computer.
*BXisoverwritten
*DelayinMOV
RISC:
ADD AX,BX,CX
MIPS: An example of RISC
Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelining Stage
Clock Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
Instr 1
Instr 2
With Pipelining
Clock Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Instr 1
Instr 2
Instr 3
Instr 4
Instr 5
RISC Disadvantages
Size of program is long.
Burden on the software programmer.
Now, CISC microprocessors are becoming
fast and cheap so it is not justified to
burden programmer.
Why CISC Persists
Most Intel and AMD chips are CISC x86
Most PC applications are written for x86
Intel spent more money on research to
improving the performance of their chips
References:
[2] Lloyd Borrett, RISC versus CISC, Australian Personal Computer, [online],
available: http://www.borrett.id.au/computing/art-1991-06-02.htm, april 2010
Thank you