Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Electromagnetic Energy Conversion:
1.
2.
Operation Of DC Motor
Flemming
left hand
rule
Armature Reaction
Reversal of Direction of
Rotation:
DC Motor Operation
DC Machine Equivalent
Circuit
resistor RA.
The brush voltage drop is represented by a small battery Vbrush
opposing the direction of the current flow in the machine.
The field coils, which produce the magnetic flux, are
represented by inductor LF and RF.
The separate resistor Radj represents an external variable
resistor used to control the amount of current in the field circuit.
The brush drop voltage is often only a very tiny fraction of the
VF
IF
RF
VT E A I A R A
IL IA
Shunt DC motor:
a field circuit gets its power
from the armature terminals of
the motor.
The Equivalent Circuit of
a Shunt dc Motor.
VF
IF
RF
VT E A I A R A
IL IA IF
VT E A I A RA RS
Longshunt
connectio
n
Shortshunt
connectio
n
VT E A I A RA RS
(5.85.1
)
VT
IF
RF
IA IL IF
(5.85.2
)
(5.85.3
)
Cumulatively compounded
(5.85.4
)
Differentially compounded
N SE
FAR
I IF
IA
NF
NF
*
F
Number of turns
(5.85.5
)
Torque Equation
T k AI A
T = torque of armature (Nm)
kA = geometry constant
= flux/pole (Wb)
IA = armature current (A)
Geometry Constant
pN
pN
'
kA
(rad / s ), k A
(rpm )
2M
60 M
p = number of field poles
N = number of active conductors on armature
M = number of parallel paths in armature winding
(=p for lap winding, =2 for wave winding)
Power Equation
P EI A T
P=power (W) not counting losses
E = EMF induced in armature (back EMF)
IA = armature current (A)
T = torque of armature (N-m)
= speed of rotation (rad/s)
Note that Pin = VLIL which will be higher than P
because of loss in the field and armature
windings as well as rotational (friction) losses.
EMF Equation
E k A k n
'
A
60
n
2
VT
VT E I A R A
Speed Equation
VT I A R A
n
k A'
(applies to shunt connected motor only)
Note that can also be written as kfIf where
kf is /If (normally a constant ratio)
Ratio Equation
n2 E 2
n1 E1
Speed-Torque
Speed
Differential Compound
Shunt
Cumulative Compound
Series
Torque
Pout
x100%
Pin
or
Pin Ploss
x100%
Pin
PA I A2 RA
Field loss:
PF I RF
2
F
Where IA and IF are armature and field currents and RA and RF are
armature and field (winding) resistances usually measured at normal
operating temperature.
PBD VBD I A
Where IA is the armature current and VBD is the brush voltage drop. The
voltage drop across the set of brushes is approximately constant over a
large range of armature currents and it is usually assumed to be about 2
V.
Other losses are exactly the same as in AC machines
The losses in DC
machines
3. Core losses hysteresis losses and eddy current losses. They vary
as B2 (square of flux density) and as n1.5 (speed of rotation of the
magnetic field).
Electrical power is input to the machine, and the electrical and brush
losses must be subtracted. The remaining power is ideally converted from
electrical to mechanical form at the point labeled as Pconv.
Pconv E A I A
And the resulting mechanical power is
Pconv indm
After the power is converted to mechanical form, the stray losses,
mechanical losses, and core losses are subtracted, and the remaining
mechanical power is output to the load.
Example 1
A 6 pole, 3.0 hp 120V DC lap-wound shunt motor has 960
conductors in the armature. It takes 25.0 A from the supply at
full load. Armature resistance is 0.75, flux/pole=10.0 mWb,
field winding current is 1.20A. Find the speed and torque.
E K A
746W
2.24kW
hp
P 3hp
I A I L I F 25 A 1.2 A 23.8 A
E VT I A RA 120V 23.8 A 0.75 102V
6 960 153
pN
KA
2M 2 6
E
102V
66.9rad / s
K A 153 10 x10 3
60
638rpm
2
n
T
P
2.24kW
33.5 N m
66.9rad / s
Example 2
A 10hp, 115V Dc series motor takes 40A at its full load speed
of 1800rpm. What is the torque at 30A?
2n 2 1800
188rad / s
60
60
T K AI A K A K F I F I A
IF I A
746W
7.46kW
hp
P 10hp
P T
P
7.46kW
T
39.6 N m
188rad / s
T K AKF I A
K AKF
T
39.6 N m
0.025
2
40 A 2
IA
Example 3 (a)
A 220V DC shunt motor draws 10A at 1800rpm. The
armature resistance is 0.2 and field winding resistance is
440.
(a) What is the torque?
IF
VT 220V
0.5 A
RF 440
I A I L I F 10 A 0.5 A 9.5 A
E VT I A R A 220V 9.5 A 0.2 218V
P EI A 218V 9.5 A 2.07 kW
2n 2 1800
188rad / s
60
60
P
2.07 kW
11.0 N m
188rad / s
Example 3 (b)
A 220V DC shunt motor draws 10A at 1800rpm. The
armature resistance is 0.2 and field winding resistance is
440.
(b) What will be the speed and line current at a torque of 20
N-m (if field current is constant)?
E K A
K A
E
218V
1.16
188rad / s
T K AI A
IA
T
20 N m
17.3 A
K A
1.16
E
217V
187rad / s
K A 1.16
60
1.79 x103 rpm
2