INTELLIGENCE

Introduction
It is common knowledge that human beings differ
in varied ways. From their physical features,
both external and internal, to their behavior and
innate characteristics such as those involving
mental ability, personality , and attitudes, people
are different in varying degrees.
Nature and Definition of Intelligence
• Some psychologists believe that the limits of
intelligence are fixed by heredity; others think
that experience plays an important part in its
development.
Nature and Definition of Intelligence
(continuation)
• The ability to learn or profit from formal
instruction
• The ability to adapt effectively to the
environment
• The ability to reason
• A cluster of relatively distinct abilities, such as
memory, reasoning, and verbal fluency.
Nature and Definition of Intelligence
(continuation)
• A collection of mental abilities that enables us to
learn from experience, to adapt to our changing
environment, to work in a goal-directed manner,
or to solve problems and to think creatively.
• An overall ability to act purposefully, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively with the
environment.
Theories of Intelligence
• Binet and Simon assume that intelligence grows
or develops in parallel with the child’s
chronological age.
Three Conceptions of the Nature of
Intelligence by Binet and Simon
1. The goal direction of the mental processes
involved.
2. The ability to show adaptable solutions
3. The capacity to show selectively of judgment
and self-criticism of choices.

* The theory of Binet and Simon revolves

around goal direction, adaptability, and critical
judgment.
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
• Charles Spearman assumes that there are two
kinds of ability:

▫ A general ability which he defines as the ability to

deduce abstract relationships (G)
▫ A specific ability (s)

The relationship between the two tests, one in

vocabulary and another in arithmetic.
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
(continuation)
• Spearman’s Theory is able to explain the fact
that people show ability in one intellectual
undertaking also exhibit abilities along other
lines.
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
(continuation)
• Additional general factors:

▫ Preservation (p) – represents the inertia of the

individual’s supply of mental energy.
▫ Oscillation (o) – the extent to which it fluctuates
from time to time.
▫ Will (w) – a motivational personality factor that
enters into the taking of intelligence tests.
Thurstone’s Weighted Group-Factor
Theory
1. (V) Verbal
2. (N) Number
3. (S) Spatial
4. (P) Perceptual Speed
5. (M) Memory
6. (R) Reasoning
7. (W) Word Fluency
Raymund B. Cattel’s Theory
• Two Fundamental Types of Intelligence
▫ Crystallized Intelligence
 A combination of acquired knowledge and developed
intellectual skills.

▫ Fluid Intelligence
A capacity for insight into complex relationships.
Guilford’s Theory
• Three Dimensions of the Intellect

▫ Content
▫ Operations
▫ Products
Guilford’s Theory (continuation)
• Four Basic Varieties of Content:

▫ Figural
▫ Symbolic
▫ Semantic
▫ Behavioral
Guilford’s Theory (continuation)
• Five Areas of Operations:

▫ Cognition
▫ Memory
▫ Convergent Production
▫ Divergent Production
▫ Evaluation
Guilford’s Theory (continuation)
• Products Consists of:

▫ Units
▫ Classes
▫ Relations
▫ Systems
▫ Transformations
▫ Implications

• The 4 Contents, 5 Operations, and 6 Products involve a

total of 120 unique intellectual abilities ( 4 x 5 x 6 = 120 )
The Triarchic Theory of Inteligence
• Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
▫ Three-Part Theory

Componential Intelligence
 Basically reflects the person’s verbal reasoning ability.
Experimental Intelligence
The type that enables people to adjust creatively and
effectively to new tasks and situations.
Contextual Intelligence
Enables people to select environments in which they
can function, to adjust to those environments, and to
modify them if necessary.
The Theory of Multiple Intelligence
• Nine (9) Types of Intelligence
1. Linguistic Intelligence
▫ Is one of the most studied human competencies.
1. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
▫ Has the following subcomponents:
 Deductive Reasoning
 Inductive Reasoning
 Computation and the like
1. Spatial Intelligence
▫ Entails the capacity to represent and manipulate spatial
configurations.
The Theory of Multiple Intelligence
(continuation)
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
 Refers to the ability to use all or part of one’s body
to perform a task or fashion a product.

5. Musical Intelligence
 Includes pitch discrimination, the ability to hear
themes in music, sensitivity to rhythm, texture,
and timbre, and the production of music through
performance or composition.
6. Intrapersonal Intelligence
 Refers to a person’s understanding of self.
The Theory of Multiple Intelligence
(continuation)
7. Interpersonal Intelligence
 Entails the ability to understand other individuals – their
actions and their movements.

8. Naturalistic Intelligence
Refers to the ability to appreciate nature and to interconnect
oneself with God’s creation.

9. Existential Intelligence
Which is in the process of active study, is indicative of the
individual’s sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions
about human existence.00
The Measurement of Intelligence
• Determined by the test and divide it by one’s
chronological quotient or IQ.

• The IQ is a concise way of expressing an

individuals relative performance on an
intelligence test.
How Does IQ Relate to Intelligence?
• Intelligence is an overall capacity for particular
mental activities that cannot be measured
directly.

• The IQ is a number that indicates how a person

has performed on a particular test as compared
to others in the same age range.
Is the IQ Constant?
• A great number of people hold that one’s IQ is
constant. This means that a person with a high
IQ will demonstrate intellectual excellence
throughout his life. This also indicates that he is
not bright this year and then dull the next year.
A good intelligence test should reliably reflect
“real” intelligence and that a child’s score should
be stable from one assessment to another.
Is the IQ Constant? (continuation)
• Many individuals do not change very much in
their relative performance on an IQ test, others
do show marked shifts in their status. This
shows that an individual is not locked into a
given level of performance throughout his life.
 The Feeble Minded
• Mentally deficient individuals
▫ 3 Groups:
Morons
With 50-70 IQ
Imbeciles
With 20-50 IQ
Idiots
20 and below IQ
Causes of Mental Retardation
• A number of inborn errors of metabolism have likewise
been identified which, if not treated, can cause damage
to the nervous system.
• Physical malformations of the brain or other organs,
originating in prenatal life or even earlier.
• Inflammation of the brain associated with childhood
measles which is preventable.
• Destruction of brain tissue or interference with brain
development in the infant or the young child.
The Mentally Gifted
• The very superior individuals are in the range
130-140 and the near-genius are found with IQ
of 140 and above.

• Gifted children are particularly capable of quick

and generally accurate generalizations; they can
learn highly abstract symbols with great speed
and they can deduce complex relationships.
The Role of Environment and Heredity
• The classic story of the identical twins born to a mother
shows the positive relationship of intelligence and
environment.
• Since this mother had no way of supporting them, one
was sent to live with an aunt and uncle while the other
one was sent to an orphanage. After 5 years, the mother
was able to regain possession of them. The twins were
tested in order to determine what level in school they
would be placed in. It was found that the child who lived
with an aunt and uncle had considerably higher
intelligence than the one who had been reared in an
orphanage.
The Effect of Education on IQ
• Improvement in IQ and even superior levels of
performance can be achieved by environmental
stimulation. One of the implications of these
findings on education in our schools is that no
matter how weak our pupils are, still they can be
helped to improve their mental ability.
Some Philippine Intelligence Tests
1. The Philippine Indigenized Pre-School and
Primary Intelligence Test (PIPPIT)
2. The Philippine Non-Verbal Intelligence Test
(PNIT)
3. The Filipino Adaptation of the Otis-Lennon
Mental Ability Test (Pilipino OLMAT)
4. The Pilipino Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children (WISC)
Thanks
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